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Table of Contents
Cover; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Contents; Preface; Author; Acknowledgements; List of abbreviations; 1. Introduction; 2. Health checks: Challenges and opportunities; 2.1 What are the issues with health checks?; 2.1.1 Purposes; 2.1.2 Components; 2.1.2.1 Information; 2.1.2.2 Eligibility; 2.1.3 Outputs; 2.2 Do health checks work?; 2.2.1 Reviews; 2.2.1.1 Definition; 2.2.1.2 The nature of the evidence; 2.2.2 Individual evaluations; 2.2.2.1 OXCHECK; 2.2.2.2 NHS Health Check; 2.2.2.3 Ebeltoft; 2.2.3 The clinical examination; 2.3 Is there a demand for health checks?
2.4 How might the quality of health checks be improved?References; 3. Better value health checks: Key elements; 3.1 Definition of a better value health check; 3.2 Architecture of a better value health check; 3.2.1 Assessing needs; 3.2.2 Clarifying purposes; 3.2.3 Determining outcomes; 3.2.4 Considering costs; 3.2.5 Choosing measures wisely; 3.2.6 Adopting a risk-oriented strategy; 3.3 Operational elements of a better value health check; 3.3.1 Enhancing value before undertaking the health check; 3.3.1.1 Taking stock; 3.3.1.2 Considering the information requirements.
3.3.1.3 Offering a balanced package3.3.1.4 Enabling accessibility; 3.3.2 Enhancing the value of the health check; 3.3.2.1 Standard operating procedures; 3.3.2.2 Resource management; 3.3.2.3 Quality assurance; 3.3.3 Enhancing value after the health check; 3.3.3.1 Ensuring effectiveness; 3.3.3.2 Reviewing safety and quality; 3.3.3.3 Boosting impacts on individuals; 3.3.3.4 Augmenting impacts for groups (e.g. organisations); 3.3.3.5 Trending; References; 4. Cardiovascular health; Key recommendations; 4.1 Overview; 4.2 Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; 4.2.1 Importance; 4.2.2 Prevention.
4.2.3 Earlier recognition4.2.3.1 Baseline clinical assessment; 4.2.3.2 Baseline investigations; 4.2.3.3 Risk scoring; 4.2.3.4 Refining risk; 4.3 Atrial fibrillation; 4.3.1 Importance; 4.3.2 Prevention; 4.3.3 Earlier recognition; 4.4 Abdominal aortic aneurysms; 4.4.1 Importance; 4.4.2 Prevention; 4.4.3 Earlier recognition; Further reading; 5. Lung health; Key recommendations; 5.1 Overview; 5.2 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; 5.2.1 Importance; 5.2.2 Prevention; 5.2.3 Earlier recognition; 5.2.3.1 Risk assessment; 5.2.3.2 Case-finding; 5.2.3.3 Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency screening.
5.2.3.4 Identifying co-morbidities5.3 Tuberculosis; 5.3.1 Importance; 5.3.2 Prevention; 5.3.3 Earlier recognition; 5.3.3.1 Risk assessment; 5.3.3.2 Active TB case-finding; 5.3.3.3 Latent TB screening; 5.4 Lung cancer; 5.4.1 Importance; 5.4.2 Prevention; 5.4.3 Earlier recognition; 5.4.3.1 Risk assessment; 5.4.3.2 Symptoms; 5.4.3.3 Screening; Further reading; 6. Musculoskeletal health; Key recommendations; 6.1 Overview; 6.2 Low back pain; 6.2.1 Importance; 6.2.2 Prevention; 6.2.3 Earlier recognition; 6.2.3.1 Red flags; 6.2.3.2 Yellow flags; 6.3 Osteoporosis; 6.3.1 Importance; 6.3.2 Prevention.
2.4 How might the quality of health checks be improved?References; 3. Better value health checks: Key elements; 3.1 Definition of a better value health check; 3.2 Architecture of a better value health check; 3.2.1 Assessing needs; 3.2.2 Clarifying purposes; 3.2.3 Determining outcomes; 3.2.4 Considering costs; 3.2.5 Choosing measures wisely; 3.2.6 Adopting a risk-oriented strategy; 3.3 Operational elements of a better value health check; 3.3.1 Enhancing value before undertaking the health check; 3.3.1.1 Taking stock; 3.3.1.2 Considering the information requirements.
3.3.1.3 Offering a balanced package3.3.1.4 Enabling accessibility; 3.3.2 Enhancing the value of the health check; 3.3.2.1 Standard operating procedures; 3.3.2.2 Resource management; 3.3.2.3 Quality assurance; 3.3.3 Enhancing value after the health check; 3.3.3.1 Ensuring effectiveness; 3.3.3.2 Reviewing safety and quality; 3.3.3.3 Boosting impacts on individuals; 3.3.3.4 Augmenting impacts for groups (e.g. organisations); 3.3.3.5 Trending; References; 4. Cardiovascular health; Key recommendations; 4.1 Overview; 4.2 Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease; 4.2.1 Importance; 4.2.2 Prevention.
4.2.3 Earlier recognition4.2.3.1 Baseline clinical assessment; 4.2.3.2 Baseline investigations; 4.2.3.3 Risk scoring; 4.2.3.4 Refining risk; 4.3 Atrial fibrillation; 4.3.1 Importance; 4.3.2 Prevention; 4.3.3 Earlier recognition; 4.4 Abdominal aortic aneurysms; 4.4.1 Importance; 4.4.2 Prevention; 4.4.3 Earlier recognition; Further reading; 5. Lung health; Key recommendations; 5.1 Overview; 5.2 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; 5.2.1 Importance; 5.2.2 Prevention; 5.2.3 Earlier recognition; 5.2.3.1 Risk assessment; 5.2.3.2 Case-finding; 5.2.3.3 Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency screening.
5.2.3.4 Identifying co-morbidities5.3 Tuberculosis; 5.3.1 Importance; 5.3.2 Prevention; 5.3.3 Earlier recognition; 5.3.3.1 Risk assessment; 5.3.3.2 Active TB case-finding; 5.3.3.3 Latent TB screening; 5.4 Lung cancer; 5.4.1 Importance; 5.4.2 Prevention; 5.4.3 Earlier recognition; 5.4.3.1 Risk assessment; 5.4.3.2 Symptoms; 5.4.3.3 Screening; Further reading; 6. Musculoskeletal health; Key recommendations; 6.1 Overview; 6.2 Low back pain; 6.2.1 Importance; 6.2.2 Prevention; 6.2.3 Earlier recognition; 6.2.3.1 Red flags; 6.2.3.2 Yellow flags; 6.3 Osteoporosis; 6.3.1 Importance; 6.3.2 Prevention.