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Foreword; Acknowledgements; Contents; 1 Introduction; 1 Our Blue Planet; 2 Submarine Geomorphology; 3 History of Submarine Geomorphology; References; Data and Methods in Submarine Geomorphology; 2 Sidescan Sonar; Abstract; 1 History of Sonar; 2 Principles of Sidescan Sonar; 3 State of the Art; 4 Strengths and Weaknesses; 5 Future Developments; Acknowledgements; References; 3 Multibeam Echosounders; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Review and History; 1.2 Current Uses in Submarine Geomorphology; 2 Physical/Technical Principles of the Method; 2.1 Imaging Geometry; 2.2 Range Performance
2.3 Range Resolution2.4 Angular Resolution; 2.5 Bottom Detection; 2.6 Sounding Density; 3 Integrated Sensors; 3.1 Vessel Reference Frame; 3.2 Orientation; 3.3 Horizontal Positioning; 3.4 Vertical Positioning; 3.5 Sound Speed; 4 State of the Art Tools; 5 Strength and Weaknesses of the Method for Investigating Submarine Geomorphology; 6 Conclusions; References; 4 Reflection and Refraction Seismic Methods; Abstract; 1 History of Seismic Methods; 2 Physical Principles; 2.1 Basic Principles of the Seismic Reflection Method; 2.2 Basic Principles of the Seismic Refraction Method
3 Survey Design and Processing3.1 Seismic Reflection Surveys; 3.1.1 Types of Marine Seismic Reflection Surveys; 3.1.2 The Seismic Source; 3.1.3 Receiver Arrays; 3.1.4 Recording Parameters; 3.1.5 Basic Processing Steps; 3.2 Seismic Refraction Surveys; 3.2.1 Acquisition Geometries; 3.2.2 Receiver Types; 3.2.3 Basic Processing Scheme; 3.2.4 Forward and Inverse Modeling; 4 State of the Art Tools and Methods; 4.1 Overview; 4.2 Parametric Single-Beam Echo-Sounding; 4.3 Deep-Towed Seismic Acquisition; 4.4 High-Resolution 3D Seismic Imaging; 4.5 Broadband Imaging; 4.6 Mirror Imaging of OBS Data
4.7 Joint Inversion of Refraction and Reflection Data4.8 3D Full-Waveform Inversion of Wide-Angle, Multi-azimuth Data; 5 Strengths and Weaknesses; Acknowledgements; References; 5 Quantitative Analyses of Morphological Data; Abstract; 1 Mapping Submarine Morphologies; 2 Quantitative Structures, Shapes and Their Variations; 3 Geostatistics to Geographical Information Systems; 3.1 Basic Measurements; 3.2 Variations with Spatial Scales; 3.3 Finding Trends and Patterns; 4 Conclusions; References; 6 Seafloor Sediment and Rock Sampling; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Surface Sediment Sampling
2.1 Dredging2.2 Box Corer; 2.3 Grab Sampler; 2.4 ROV Push Cores; 3 Shallow Sediment Coring; 3.1 Gravity Corer; 3.2 Piston Corer; 3.3 Kasten Corer; 3.4 Vibrocorer; 3.5 Multi-corer and Mega Corer; 3.6 Giant Piston Corer and the CALYPSO Corer; 4 Seafloor Drilling; 4.1 Oil and Gas Industry Operations; 4.2 International Ocean Discovery Program; 4.3 Seafloor Drill Rigs; 5 Core Handling; References; 7 ROVs and AUVs; Abstract; 1 Method Descriptions; 1.1 Remotely Operated Vehicles; 1.2 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles; 1.3 Using Robotic Vehicles to Study Seafloor Geomorphology
2.3 Range Resolution2.4 Angular Resolution; 2.5 Bottom Detection; 2.6 Sounding Density; 3 Integrated Sensors; 3.1 Vessel Reference Frame; 3.2 Orientation; 3.3 Horizontal Positioning; 3.4 Vertical Positioning; 3.5 Sound Speed; 4 State of the Art Tools; 5 Strength and Weaknesses of the Method for Investigating Submarine Geomorphology; 6 Conclusions; References; 4 Reflection and Refraction Seismic Methods; Abstract; 1 History of Seismic Methods; 2 Physical Principles; 2.1 Basic Principles of the Seismic Reflection Method; 2.2 Basic Principles of the Seismic Refraction Method
3 Survey Design and Processing3.1 Seismic Reflection Surveys; 3.1.1 Types of Marine Seismic Reflection Surveys; 3.1.2 The Seismic Source; 3.1.3 Receiver Arrays; 3.1.4 Recording Parameters; 3.1.5 Basic Processing Steps; 3.2 Seismic Refraction Surveys; 3.2.1 Acquisition Geometries; 3.2.2 Receiver Types; 3.2.3 Basic Processing Scheme; 3.2.4 Forward and Inverse Modeling; 4 State of the Art Tools and Methods; 4.1 Overview; 4.2 Parametric Single-Beam Echo-Sounding; 4.3 Deep-Towed Seismic Acquisition; 4.4 High-Resolution 3D Seismic Imaging; 4.5 Broadband Imaging; 4.6 Mirror Imaging of OBS Data
4.7 Joint Inversion of Refraction and Reflection Data4.8 3D Full-Waveform Inversion of Wide-Angle, Multi-azimuth Data; 5 Strengths and Weaknesses; Acknowledgements; References; 5 Quantitative Analyses of Morphological Data; Abstract; 1 Mapping Submarine Morphologies; 2 Quantitative Structures, Shapes and Their Variations; 3 Geostatistics to Geographical Information Systems; 3.1 Basic Measurements; 3.2 Variations with Spatial Scales; 3.3 Finding Trends and Patterns; 4 Conclusions; References; 6 Seafloor Sediment and Rock Sampling; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Surface Sediment Sampling
2.1 Dredging2.2 Box Corer; 2.3 Grab Sampler; 2.4 ROV Push Cores; 3 Shallow Sediment Coring; 3.1 Gravity Corer; 3.2 Piston Corer; 3.3 Kasten Corer; 3.4 Vibrocorer; 3.5 Multi-corer and Mega Corer; 3.6 Giant Piston Corer and the CALYPSO Corer; 4 Seafloor Drilling; 4.1 Oil and Gas Industry Operations; 4.2 International Ocean Discovery Program; 4.3 Seafloor Drill Rigs; 5 Core Handling; References; 7 ROVs and AUVs; Abstract; 1 Method Descriptions; 1.1 Remotely Operated Vehicles; 1.2 Autonomous Underwater Vehicles; 1.3 Using Robotic Vehicles to Study Seafloor Geomorphology