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Table of Contents
Preface; Contents; Acronyms; Nomenclature; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Vehicular Ad-Hoc Networks; 1.1.1 VANET Applications; 1.1.2 VANET Characteristics; 1.2 Node Cooperation in Wireless Communication; 1.3 Motivation and Research Contributions; 1.4 Outline; References; 2 Background and Literature Review; 2.1 Medium Access Control in VANETs; 2.1.1 IEEE 802.11; 2.1.2 Time Division Multiple Access; 2.2 Link-Layer Cooperation; 2.2.1 Objective and Issues; 2.2.2 Link-Layer Cooperation; 2.2.3 Cooperation for Makeup Transmission; 2.3 Summary; References; 3 System Model
3.1 Network Topology and Communication Among Nodes3.2 Channel Access; 3.3 Time Synchronization Among Vehicles; 3.4 Neighboring Nodes; 3.5 Reservation and Retention of Time Slots; References; 4 Cooperation in ADHOC MAC; 4.1 CAH-MAC Basics; 4.1.1 Frame Information ; 4.1.2 Node Cooperation Mechanism; 4.1.3 Cooperation Header and Cooperation Acknowledgement; 4.2 Preliminaries for the Performance Analysis; 4.2.1 Node Distribution; 4.2.2 Distribution of the Number of Neighboring Nodes; 4.2.3 Transmission During a Time Slot; 4.2.4 Types of Time Slots and Their Distributions
4.2.5 Cooperation Enabled Transmission4.2.5.1 Existence of Potential Helpers (Event 1); 4.2.5.2 Existence of Unreserved Time Slots (Event 2); 4.2.6 Benefits of Cooperation; 4.3 Throughput Analysis; 4.3.1 Expected Number of Successful Time Slots; 4.3.2 Throughput and Throughput Gain; 4.4 Reliability Analysis; 4.4.1 Packet Transmission Delay; 4.4.2 Packet Dropping Rate; 4.5 Numerical Results; 4.6 Summary; References; 5 Enhanced Node Cooperation; 5.1 System Overview; 5.1.1 Channel Model; 5.1.2 Cooperation Collisions and Release of Time Slots; 5.2 Enhanced Cooperative ADHOC MAC
5.2.1 Types of Packet Structure5.2.2 Cooperation Collision Avoidance; 5.3 Utilization of an Unreserved Time Slot; 5.3.1 Distribution of Node Number; 5.3.2 Probability of Event 3; 5.3.3 Probability of Event 4; 5.3.4 Close-Form Expressions for Time Slot Utilization; 5.4 Numerical Results; 5.5 Simulation Results; 5.6 Summary; References; 6 Cooperative Relay Broadcasting; 6.1 System Overview; 6.1.1 Two-State Markov Channel; 6.2 Node Cooperation for Broadcast Service in D-TDMA MAC; 6.3 Optimal Helper Selection with Accurate Channel Information; 6.4 Helper Selection with Channel Prediction
6.4.1 Prediction of Failed and Successful Nodes6.4.2 Cooperation Decisions; 6.4.3 Re-broadcasting of Tagged Packets; 6.5 Simulation Results; 6.6 Summary; References; 7 Conclusions and Future Works; 7.1 Conclusions; 7.2 Open Issues for Further Research; 7.2.1 Enhancing D-TDMA MAC Schemes; 7.2.2 Efficient Channel Prediction for CRB; 7.2.3 Cooperation in Multi-channel MAC; Reference; A Multi-channel Operation in VANETs; A.1 Multi-channel Operations in VANETs; A.2 Multi-channel MAC (MCM) Protocols; A.3 Cooperation in Multi-channel MAC; References; B Parameters in VISSIM Simulation
3.1 Network Topology and Communication Among Nodes3.2 Channel Access; 3.3 Time Synchronization Among Vehicles; 3.4 Neighboring Nodes; 3.5 Reservation and Retention of Time Slots; References; 4 Cooperation in ADHOC MAC; 4.1 CAH-MAC Basics; 4.1.1 Frame Information ; 4.1.2 Node Cooperation Mechanism; 4.1.3 Cooperation Header and Cooperation Acknowledgement; 4.2 Preliminaries for the Performance Analysis; 4.2.1 Node Distribution; 4.2.2 Distribution of the Number of Neighboring Nodes; 4.2.3 Transmission During a Time Slot; 4.2.4 Types of Time Slots and Their Distributions
4.2.5 Cooperation Enabled Transmission4.2.5.1 Existence of Potential Helpers (Event 1); 4.2.5.2 Existence of Unreserved Time Slots (Event 2); 4.2.6 Benefits of Cooperation; 4.3 Throughput Analysis; 4.3.1 Expected Number of Successful Time Slots; 4.3.2 Throughput and Throughput Gain; 4.4 Reliability Analysis; 4.4.1 Packet Transmission Delay; 4.4.2 Packet Dropping Rate; 4.5 Numerical Results; 4.6 Summary; References; 5 Enhanced Node Cooperation; 5.1 System Overview; 5.1.1 Channel Model; 5.1.2 Cooperation Collisions and Release of Time Slots; 5.2 Enhanced Cooperative ADHOC MAC
5.2.1 Types of Packet Structure5.2.2 Cooperation Collision Avoidance; 5.3 Utilization of an Unreserved Time Slot; 5.3.1 Distribution of Node Number; 5.3.2 Probability of Event 3; 5.3.3 Probability of Event 4; 5.3.4 Close-Form Expressions for Time Slot Utilization; 5.4 Numerical Results; 5.5 Simulation Results; 5.6 Summary; References; 6 Cooperative Relay Broadcasting; 6.1 System Overview; 6.1.1 Two-State Markov Channel; 6.2 Node Cooperation for Broadcast Service in D-TDMA MAC; 6.3 Optimal Helper Selection with Accurate Channel Information; 6.4 Helper Selection with Channel Prediction
6.4.1 Prediction of Failed and Successful Nodes6.4.2 Cooperation Decisions; 6.4.3 Re-broadcasting of Tagged Packets; 6.5 Simulation Results; 6.6 Summary; References; 7 Conclusions and Future Works; 7.1 Conclusions; 7.2 Open Issues for Further Research; 7.2.1 Enhancing D-TDMA MAC Schemes; 7.2.2 Efficient Channel Prediction for CRB; 7.2.3 Cooperation in Multi-channel MAC; Reference; A Multi-channel Operation in VANETs; A.1 Multi-channel Operations in VANETs; A.2 Multi-channel MAC (MCM) Protocols; A.3 Cooperation in Multi-channel MAC; References; B Parameters in VISSIM Simulation