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Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; About the Author; Chapter 1: Introduction; 1.1 Why Sediments Should Be Given Priority for Pollution Monitoring Program?; 1.2 Sources of Trace Metal Contamination; 1.2.1 Point and Nonpoint Sources of Pollution; 1.3 Sediment Accumulation Rate; 1.4 Definition and Significance for Metal Speciation; 1.5 Impact of Multiple Stressors on Trace Metal Pollution; 1.5.1 Impact of Anthropogenic Activities for Metal Enrichments; 1.5.2 Interaction Between Climate Change and Dispersion of Pollutants; 1.6 Conclusion; References; Chapter 2: Materials and Methods.
2.1 Study Sites and Selection of Sampling Stations2.2 Sampling Strategy and Preservation of Sediment Samples; 2.3 Analytical Protocol; 2.3.1 Instrumental Techniques in Environmental Chemical Analysis; 2.3.1.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS); 2.3.1.2 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (Flame-AAS); 2.3.1.3 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GF-AAS); 2.3.1.4 Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HG-AAS); 2.3.1.5 Cold-Vapor (Flameless) Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CV-AAS); 2.3.1.6 Gas Chromatography.
2.3.1.7 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)2.3.1.8 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC); 2.3.1.9 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES); 2.3.1.10 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF); 2.3.1.11 Diffused Gradients in Thin Film Technique (DGT); 2.3.2 Quality Assurance/Quality Control; 2.3.2.1 Certified Reference Material (CRMs); 2.4 Sediment Quality Assessment and Ecological Risk; 2.4.1 Pollution Load Index (PLI); 2.4.2 Contamination Factor (CF); 2.4.3 Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) (Müller 1981).
2.4.4 Enrichment Factor (Sakan et al. 2009)2.4.5 Potential Ecological Risk Index (Hakanson 1980); 2.4.6 Modified Degree of Contamination (mCd) (Abrahim 2005); 2.4.7 Nemerow Pollution Load Index (Guang et al. 2010; Qingjie et al. 2008); 2.4.8 Mean ERM Quotient (m-ERM-Q) (Long et al. 1998); 2.4.9 Mean PEL Quotient (m-PEL-Q); 2.4.10 Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs); 2.4.10.1 Effects Range-Low and Effects Range-Medium Values; 2.5 Statistical Analyses; 2.5.1 Correlation Matrix; 2.5.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA); 2.5.3 Dendrogram; 2.5.4 Factor Analysis; 2.5.5 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
2.5.6 Box and Whisker Plot2.6 Conclusion; References; Chapter 3: Trace Element Contamination in Surface Sediment of Sundarban Wetland; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Materials and Methods; 3.2.1 Study Site; 3.2.2 Sediment Collection and Pretreatment; 3.2.3 Physicochemical Analysis of Sediments; 3.2.4 Sample Digestion and Analytical Protocol; 3.2.5 Assessment of Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs); 3.2.6 Assessment of Sediment Contamination and Ecological Risks; 3.2.6.1 Enrichment Factor; 3.2.6.2 Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo); 3.2.6.3 Potential Ecological Risk Factor (RI); 3.2.7 Statistical Analysis.
2.1 Study Sites and Selection of Sampling Stations2.2 Sampling Strategy and Preservation of Sediment Samples; 2.3 Analytical Protocol; 2.3.1 Instrumental Techniques in Environmental Chemical Analysis; 2.3.1.1 Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (AAS); 2.3.1.2 Flame Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (Flame-AAS); 2.3.1.3 Graphite Furnace Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (GF-AAS); 2.3.1.4 Hydride Generation Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (HG-AAS); 2.3.1.5 Cold-Vapor (Flameless) Atomic Absorption Spectrometry (CV-AAS); 2.3.1.6 Gas Chromatography.
2.3.1.7 Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS)2.3.1.8 High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC); 2.3.1.9 Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Emission Spectroscopy (ICP-AES); 2.3.1.10 Energy-Dispersive X-Ray Fluorescence (EDXRF); 2.3.1.11 Diffused Gradients in Thin Film Technique (DGT); 2.3.2 Quality Assurance/Quality Control; 2.3.2.1 Certified Reference Material (CRMs); 2.4 Sediment Quality Assessment and Ecological Risk; 2.4.1 Pollution Load Index (PLI); 2.4.2 Contamination Factor (CF); 2.4.3 Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo) (Müller 1981).
2.4.4 Enrichment Factor (Sakan et al. 2009)2.4.5 Potential Ecological Risk Index (Hakanson 1980); 2.4.6 Modified Degree of Contamination (mCd) (Abrahim 2005); 2.4.7 Nemerow Pollution Load Index (Guang et al. 2010; Qingjie et al. 2008); 2.4.8 Mean ERM Quotient (m-ERM-Q) (Long et al. 1998); 2.4.9 Mean PEL Quotient (m-PEL-Q); 2.4.10 Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs); 2.4.10.1 Effects Range-Low and Effects Range-Medium Values; 2.5 Statistical Analyses; 2.5.1 Correlation Matrix; 2.5.2 Principal Component Analysis (PCA); 2.5.3 Dendrogram; 2.5.4 Factor Analysis; 2.5.5 Analysis of Variance (ANOVA).
2.5.6 Box and Whisker Plot2.6 Conclusion; References; Chapter 3: Trace Element Contamination in Surface Sediment of Sundarban Wetland; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Materials and Methods; 3.2.1 Study Site; 3.2.2 Sediment Collection and Pretreatment; 3.2.3 Physicochemical Analysis of Sediments; 3.2.4 Sample Digestion and Analytical Protocol; 3.2.5 Assessment of Sediment Quality Guidelines (SQGs); 3.2.6 Assessment of Sediment Contamination and Ecological Risks; 3.2.6.1 Enrichment Factor; 3.2.6.2 Geoaccumulation Index (Igeo); 3.2.6.3 Potential Ecological Risk Factor (RI); 3.2.7 Statistical Analysis.