Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; List of Contributors; Part I: Adaptive Sports Medicine: History, Technology and Biomechanics; 1: History of Adaptive and Disabled Rights within Society, Thus Creating the Fertile Soil to Grow, Adaptive Sports; History of Adaptive Sports and Disabled Rights Movement; Before It All: When Disability Was Criminal; Early Wars and the Advance of Disabled Rights; The Great Depression and Disabled Rights; WWII: German Atrocities and Post-­War Benefits for Disabled Veterans; 1960s: Women's Rights Movement, Civil Rights Movement, and Disabled Rights Movements

Rights to Education The Development of Organized Adaptive Sports: Many Paths Toward the Same Goal; Physical Activity for Rehabilitation; Evolution of Sports from Recreational to Competitive: The Development of Paralympics; Disabled Sport USA, Becoming the Largest Organization in the United States, from Humble Beginnings; Leveling the Playing Field: Adaptive Athletes in Able-Bodied Events; Conclusion: The Future of Adaptive Sports; References; 2: Wheelchair Sports Technology and Biomechanics; Introduction: The Role of Technology in Wheelchair Sports

Brief History of Wheelchair Sports Technology Importance of Seating for Sports Wheelchairs; Wheelchair Slalom; Wheelchair Basketball; Wheelchair Rugby; Wheelchair Softball; Wheelchair Racing; Handcycling; References; 3: Technology and Biomechanics of Adaptive Sports Prostheses; Introduction; Benefits to Participating in Adaptive Sports for Persons with a Limb Deficiency; Advances in Sports Prosthetics; General Use Versus Sports Prosthesis: Principles of Design for Prostheses; Standard General Use or Utility Prosthesis; Sport-Specific Prosthesis

Prosthetic Design Alignment and Componentry General Alignment for Sports Prostheses; Biomechanics and Force Reduction in Sports Prostheses; Considerations for Various Sport-­Specific Prostheses; Running Prosthesis; Transtibial Running Prostheses; Transfemoral Running Prostheses; Adaptive Cycling Prostheses; Adaptive Golfing Prostheses; Winter Sports Adaptive Equipment; Adaptive Alpine (Downhill) Skiing Equipment; Adaptive Nordic (Cross-Country) Skiing Equipment; Adaptive Snowboarding Prostheses; Water Sports; Adaptive Swimming Prostheses; Adaptive Kayaking Prostheses

Adaptive Rock Climbing Prostheses Hiking Prostheses; Energy Cost of Ambulation; Controversies; References; Part II: Medical Considerations in Adaptive Sports Medicine; 4: Review of Injury Epidemiology in Paralympic Sports; Introduction; Evolution of Paralympic Sports; Definition of Injury; Review of the Literature; Anatomic Location of Injury; Winter Sports; Summer Sports; Type of Injury; Acute vs. Chronic; Diagnosis; Rate of Injury; Winter Sports; Summer Sports; Discussion; References; 5: Medical Considerations in Adaptive Sports; Pre-participation Physical Examination