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Chapter 1: Introduction; Chapter 2: History of Cystoscopy; Introduction; Cystoscopy and Urology; Light Guides and the Urinary Tract; Early Endoscopic Developments; The Cystoscope; Bransford Lewis Tabulated History (Modified) [64]; References; Chapter 3: History of Optics in Endourology; First-Generation Endoscopy: Extracorporeal Light Sources; Second Generation Endoscopy: The Advent of Electricity, Intracorporeal Light Sources, and Increased Field of Vision; Third-Generation Endoscopy: Cold Light Sources, Non-Inverted Images, and Upper Urinary Tract Visualization
Fourth-Generation Endoscopy: The Evolution of Flexible Optics Fifth-Generation Endoscopy: Digital Endoscopes; Narrow Band Imaging; Photodynamic Diagnosis; Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy; Optical Coherence Tomography; Conclusion; References; Chapter 4: Development of the Ureteroscope; Current Innovations; Today and the Future; References; Chapter 5: Development of Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP); Early Development of the Resectoscope; Evolution of the Electrosurgical Generator and TUR Loop; Optics; Resectoscope Design; Future Challenges; References
Chapter 6: History of Transurethral Resection and Fulguration of Bladder Tumors Introduction; Bladder Tumors from Antiquity to Endoscopic era; Early Endoscopic Era; Max Nitze and the Operating Cystoscope; Cystofulguration; Transurethral Resection; Past, Present, and Future; References; Chapter 7: The Birth of Endourology; References; Chapter 8: History of the Development of Guidewires, Access Sheaths, Baskets, and Ureteral Stents; Guidewires; Ureteral Access Sheaths; Stone Retrieval Devices; Devices to Prevent Stone Migration; Ureteral Stents; Conclusions; References
Chapter 9: History of Laser Lithotripsy Ruby Laser; Q-Switching; Nd:YAG Laser; Ho:YAG Laser; FREDDY Laser; Conclusion; References; Chapter 10: History and Development of Lasers in the Treatment of BPH; Early Work; Laser Developments; Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Solid Lasers; Nd:YAG Lasers; 532 nm Lasers (Nd; YAG with Potassium-Titinyl-Phosphate or Lithium Triborate); Holmium:YAG Laser; Thulium:YAG Laser; Semiconductor Diode Lasers; Technique; Interstitial Coagulation; Resections; Enucleations; Simulation and Robotics; References; Chapter 11: The History of Shockwave Lithotripsy
The Beginning Localization and Stone Model; Localization with X-Rays; The HM1-The First Clinical Lithotripter; References; Chapter 12: The History and Development of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy; Percutaneous Nephrostomy; Endourology and the Dissemination of PCNL; Optics; Lithotripsy; Radiology; Further Advances and Characterization of PCNL; Conclusion; References; Chapter 13: A Brief History of Radiological Imaging and Its Application in Urology; Introduction; History of Renal Cell Carcinoma Imaging; History of Urolithiasis Imaging; History of Urothelial Carcinoma Imaging
Fourth-Generation Endoscopy: The Evolution of Flexible Optics Fifth-Generation Endoscopy: Digital Endoscopes; Narrow Band Imaging; Photodynamic Diagnosis; Confocal Laser Endomicroscopy; Optical Coherence Tomography; Conclusion; References; Chapter 4: Development of the Ureteroscope; Current Innovations; Today and the Future; References; Chapter 5: Development of Transurethral Resection of the Prostate (TURP); Early Development of the Resectoscope; Evolution of the Electrosurgical Generator and TUR Loop; Optics; Resectoscope Design; Future Challenges; References
Chapter 6: History of Transurethral Resection and Fulguration of Bladder Tumors Introduction; Bladder Tumors from Antiquity to Endoscopic era; Early Endoscopic Era; Max Nitze and the Operating Cystoscope; Cystofulguration; Transurethral Resection; Past, Present, and Future; References; Chapter 7: The Birth of Endourology; References; Chapter 8: History of the Development of Guidewires, Access Sheaths, Baskets, and Ureteral Stents; Guidewires; Ureteral Access Sheaths; Stone Retrieval Devices; Devices to Prevent Stone Migration; Ureteral Stents; Conclusions; References
Chapter 9: History of Laser Lithotripsy Ruby Laser; Q-Switching; Nd:YAG Laser; Ho:YAG Laser; FREDDY Laser; Conclusion; References; Chapter 10: History and Development of Lasers in the Treatment of BPH; Early Work; Laser Developments; Yttrium Aluminum Garnet Solid Lasers; Nd:YAG Lasers; 532 nm Lasers (Nd; YAG with Potassium-Titinyl-Phosphate or Lithium Triborate); Holmium:YAG Laser; Thulium:YAG Laser; Semiconductor Diode Lasers; Technique; Interstitial Coagulation; Resections; Enucleations; Simulation and Robotics; References; Chapter 11: The History of Shockwave Lithotripsy
The Beginning Localization and Stone Model; Localization with X-Rays; The HM1-The First Clinical Lithotripter; References; Chapter 12: The History and Development of Percutaneous Nephrolithotomy; Percutaneous Nephrostomy; Endourology and the Dissemination of PCNL; Optics; Lithotripsy; Radiology; Further Advances and Characterization of PCNL; Conclusion; References; Chapter 13: A Brief History of Radiological Imaging and Its Application in Urology; Introduction; History of Renal Cell Carcinoma Imaging; History of Urolithiasis Imaging; History of Urothelial Carcinoma Imaging