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Table of Contents
Preface and Acknowledgements ; Contents ; 1 Introduction ; 2 National and International Legal Aspects of River Water Sharing: The South Asian Experience ; 2.1 River Water Sharing in South Asia: Domestic Legal and Policy Framework ; 2.2 Protecting Water Resources: The South Asian Constitutional Context ; 2.3 Legal and Policy Framework ; 2.3.1 National Policies ; 2.3.2 Institutional Arrangements ; 2.3.3 Exclusion of Formal Domestic Adjudication ; 2.4 Concepts of "Cooperation' and 'Good Faith'; 2.4.1 Historical Context of Prescriptive Rights
2.4.2 Rule of Priority of Appropriation 2.4.3 Rule of Equitable Apportionment ; 2.5 Evolution of River Water Sharing Norms Under International Law ; 2.5.1 The Harmon Doctrine ; 2.5.2 Joint Mechanisms and Joint Commissions ; 2.5.3 Efforts Towards Codification ; 2.5.4 The Institute of International Law (L'Institut de Droit International) ; 2.5.5 Helsinki Rules ; 2.5.6 The 1997 United Nations Convention ; 2.6 Conclusion ; 3 Agreements and Institutions Related to Shared Rivers within South Asia and Beyond
3.1 Agreements on Shared Rivers Waters Negotiated by India and Nepal 3.1.1 The Sarada Barrage Agreement ; 3.1.2 The Koshi Project Agreement ; 3.1.3 The Gandak Irrigation and Power Project Agreement ; 3.1.3.1 Key Elements ; 3.1.4 The Tanakpur Barrage Agreement ; 3.1.5 The Treaty on the Integrated Development of the Mahakali River ; 3.2 Agreements Between Bangladesh and India ; 3.2.1 Agreements on the Sharing of the Ganges Flows ; 3.2.2 The Treaty on the Sharing of the Ganga/Ganges Waters at Farakka (12 December 1996)
3.2.3 Bangladesh-India Dispute over the Teesta and Other Shared Rivers 3.2.4 The India-Pakistan Agreement on the Indus River Basin: The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), 1960 ; 3.2.4.1 Key Elements of the IWT ; 3.2.4.2 Implementation of IWT ; 3.2.4.3 Future Prospects ; 3.2.5 Agreements and Institutions Related to Shared Trans-Boundary Rivers Beyond South Asia ; 3.2.5.1 The Mekong Commission ; 3.2.5.2 The Nile Basin Initiative ; 3.2.5.3 The Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) ; 3.3 Recommendations and Conclusions ; References
4 Transboundary Waters: Why Does the People's Voice Lack Collective Echo? 4.1 The Omission of Commissions ; 4.2 The Muted Multiple Voices ; 4.3 The Water Manifesto ; 4.4 Attitudes to Water in South Asia ; 4.5 Water Voices ; 4.6 Can Scarcity Trigger Cooperation? ; 4.7 Can Trade Reduce Conflict? ; 4.8 Could Cultural Threads Promote Interwoven Accords? ; 4.9 Conclusion ; 5 Trans-Boundary Water Governance in South Asia: The Beginning of a New Journey ; 5.1 Resource Base ; 5.2 Changing Political Geography and Transboundary Trajectories
2.4.2 Rule of Priority of Appropriation 2.4.3 Rule of Equitable Apportionment ; 2.5 Evolution of River Water Sharing Norms Under International Law ; 2.5.1 The Harmon Doctrine ; 2.5.2 Joint Mechanisms and Joint Commissions ; 2.5.3 Efforts Towards Codification ; 2.5.4 The Institute of International Law (L'Institut de Droit International) ; 2.5.5 Helsinki Rules ; 2.5.6 The 1997 United Nations Convention ; 2.6 Conclusion ; 3 Agreements and Institutions Related to Shared Rivers within South Asia and Beyond
3.1 Agreements on Shared Rivers Waters Negotiated by India and Nepal 3.1.1 The Sarada Barrage Agreement ; 3.1.2 The Koshi Project Agreement ; 3.1.3 The Gandak Irrigation and Power Project Agreement ; 3.1.3.1 Key Elements ; 3.1.4 The Tanakpur Barrage Agreement ; 3.1.5 The Treaty on the Integrated Development of the Mahakali River ; 3.2 Agreements Between Bangladesh and India ; 3.2.1 Agreements on the Sharing of the Ganges Flows ; 3.2.2 The Treaty on the Sharing of the Ganga/Ganges Waters at Farakka (12 December 1996)
3.2.3 Bangladesh-India Dispute over the Teesta and Other Shared Rivers 3.2.4 The India-Pakistan Agreement on the Indus River Basin: The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT), 1960 ; 3.2.4.1 Key Elements of the IWT ; 3.2.4.2 Implementation of IWT ; 3.2.4.3 Future Prospects ; 3.2.5 Agreements and Institutions Related to Shared Trans-Boundary Rivers Beyond South Asia ; 3.2.5.1 The Mekong Commission ; 3.2.5.2 The Nile Basin Initiative ; 3.2.5.3 The Amazon Cooperation Treaty Organization (ACTO) ; 3.3 Recommendations and Conclusions ; References
4 Transboundary Waters: Why Does the People's Voice Lack Collective Echo? 4.1 The Omission of Commissions ; 4.2 The Muted Multiple Voices ; 4.3 The Water Manifesto ; 4.4 Attitudes to Water in South Asia ; 4.5 Water Voices ; 4.6 Can Scarcity Trigger Cooperation? ; 4.7 Can Trade Reduce Conflict? ; 4.8 Could Cultural Threads Promote Interwoven Accords? ; 4.9 Conclusion ; 5 Trans-Boundary Water Governance in South Asia: The Beginning of a New Journey ; 5.1 Resource Base ; 5.2 Changing Political Geography and Transboundary Trajectories