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Table of Contents
Intro; Acknowledgements; Contents; 1: Introduction to Vertebrate Sex Ratio Adjustment; 1.1 How Should We Define the Many Types of Sex Allocation Found Among Vertebrates?; 1.2 Do Vertebrates Truly Allocate Sex Adaptively?; 1.3 Why and When Might Sex Allocation Be Advantageous?; 1.4 Do Mechanisms Exist That Allow for Adaptive Sex Allocation?; 1.5 The Purpose of This Book; References; 2: ItÂś a Boy! Evidence for Sex Ratio Adjustment in Humans; Box 2.1 Henry VIIIÂś Quest for a Son; 2.1 Where Are the Missing Females?; 2.2 Global Variation in Human Sex Ratios.
2.3 Influences of Ambient Temperature and Photoperiod on Natal Sex Ratios2.4 Racial Variation in Human Sex Ratios; 2.5 Influences of Socioeconomic Variables; 2.6 Influences of Diet and Malnutrition; 2.7 Influences of Stress; 2.8 Do All of These Cues Really Affect Human Sex Ratios?; References; 3: Facultative Sex Ratio Adjustment in Nonhuman Mammals; 3.1 Environmental and Social Factors Linked to Offspring Sex Ratios; 3.1.1 Sex Ratio Adjustment in Response to ``Female ConditionÂẤ;́ 3.1.2 Sex Ratio Adjustment in Response to Food Availability.
3.1.3 Female Dominance as a Driver of Sex Allocation Decisions3.1.4 Biasing Sex Ratios Based on Costs and Benefits to the Mother; 3.1.5 Sex Ratio Adjustment in Relation to Male Phenotype; 3.2 Can Males Be the Controllers of Sex Allocation?; 3.3 How Might All of These Factors Interact to Control Sex Ratios?; References; 4: Potential Mechanisms of Sex Ratio Adjustment in Humans and Nonhuman Mammals; 4.1 Differential Production of X- Versus Y-Bearing Sperm; 4.2 Differential Survival of X- Versus Y-Bearing Sperm; 4.3 Differential Survival and Motility of X- Versus Y-Bearing Sperm.
4.4 Sex-Specific Selection of Sperm in the Female Reproductive Tract4.5 Sex-Specific Implantation; 4.6 Sex-Specific Survival to Birth; 4.7 When During Development Are Sex Ratio Adjustments Really Happening?; 4.8 Can We Harness These Mechanisms to Artificially Control Offspring Sex?; References; 5: The Bees Do It, but What About the Birds? Evidence for Sex Ratio Adjustment in Birds; 5.1 Case Study: Extreme Sex Ratio Biases in Eclectus Parrots; 5.2 Can Birds Facultatively Adjust Offspring Sex Ratios?; 5.3 Case Study: Seasonal Variation in Offspring Sex Ratios in American Kestrels.
5.4 Seasonal Variation in Sex Ratios of Other Avian Species5.5 Variation in Sex Ratios Across the Laying Order; 5.6 Case Study: Male Attractiveness and Sex Allocation in Blue Tits; 5.7 Other Studies Relating Sex Ratios with Male Quality; 5.8 Case Study: Sex Ratio Adjustment and Food Supplementation in Kakapos; 5.9 Sex Ratio Adjustment Based on Female Quality and Food Availability; 5.10 Case Study: Seychelles Warblers Adjust Sex in Response to Helpers at the Nest; 5.11 Influences of Helpers on Sex Ratio Adjustment in Other Species.
2.3 Influences of Ambient Temperature and Photoperiod on Natal Sex Ratios2.4 Racial Variation in Human Sex Ratios; 2.5 Influences of Socioeconomic Variables; 2.6 Influences of Diet and Malnutrition; 2.7 Influences of Stress; 2.8 Do All of These Cues Really Affect Human Sex Ratios?; References; 3: Facultative Sex Ratio Adjustment in Nonhuman Mammals; 3.1 Environmental and Social Factors Linked to Offspring Sex Ratios; 3.1.1 Sex Ratio Adjustment in Response to ``Female ConditionÂẤ;́ 3.1.2 Sex Ratio Adjustment in Response to Food Availability.
3.1.3 Female Dominance as a Driver of Sex Allocation Decisions3.1.4 Biasing Sex Ratios Based on Costs and Benefits to the Mother; 3.1.5 Sex Ratio Adjustment in Relation to Male Phenotype; 3.2 Can Males Be the Controllers of Sex Allocation?; 3.3 How Might All of These Factors Interact to Control Sex Ratios?; References; 4: Potential Mechanisms of Sex Ratio Adjustment in Humans and Nonhuman Mammals; 4.1 Differential Production of X- Versus Y-Bearing Sperm; 4.2 Differential Survival of X- Versus Y-Bearing Sperm; 4.3 Differential Survival and Motility of X- Versus Y-Bearing Sperm.
4.4 Sex-Specific Selection of Sperm in the Female Reproductive Tract4.5 Sex-Specific Implantation; 4.6 Sex-Specific Survival to Birth; 4.7 When During Development Are Sex Ratio Adjustments Really Happening?; 4.8 Can We Harness These Mechanisms to Artificially Control Offspring Sex?; References; 5: The Bees Do It, but What About the Birds? Evidence for Sex Ratio Adjustment in Birds; 5.1 Case Study: Extreme Sex Ratio Biases in Eclectus Parrots; 5.2 Can Birds Facultatively Adjust Offspring Sex Ratios?; 5.3 Case Study: Seasonal Variation in Offspring Sex Ratios in American Kestrels.
5.4 Seasonal Variation in Sex Ratios of Other Avian Species5.5 Variation in Sex Ratios Across the Laying Order; 5.6 Case Study: Male Attractiveness and Sex Allocation in Blue Tits; 5.7 Other Studies Relating Sex Ratios with Male Quality; 5.8 Case Study: Sex Ratio Adjustment and Food Supplementation in Kakapos; 5.9 Sex Ratio Adjustment Based on Female Quality and Food Availability; 5.10 Case Study: Seychelles Warblers Adjust Sex in Response to Helpers at the Nest; 5.11 Influences of Helpers on Sex Ratio Adjustment in Other Species.