Intro; Preface; Contents; Contributors; 1 Energy from Microalgae: A Brief Introduction; Abstract; References; 2 Microalgal Production Systems with Highlights of Bioenergy Production; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Large-Scale Microalgae Biomass Production; 2.1 Raceway Ponds; 2.1.1 Major Factors Affecting the Raceway Pond Performance; Choice of Location; Engineering Parameters; Carbon Supply and pH; Oxygen Accumulation; Culture Contamination; 2.1.2 Biomass Production in Raceway Ponds; 2.1.3 Cost of Construction and Operation of Raceway Ponds; 2.1.4 Scaling-up in Raceway Ponds

2.1.5 Commercial Microalgae Cultivation in Raceway Ponds2.2 Tubular Photobioreactor; 2.2.1 Major Factors Affecting the Tubular Photobioreactor Performance; Light Supply; Temperature; CO2/O2 Balance and Mixing; 2.2.2 Biomass Productivity in Tubular Photobioreactor; 2.2.3 Costs of Construction and Operation of Tubular Photobioreactors; 2.2.4 Scaling-up; 2.2.5 Commercial Applications of Horizontal Tubular PBRs; 2.3 Microalgal Heterotrophic Bioreactors; 2.3.1 Major Factors Affecting Bioreactors in Heterotrophic Cultivations; Oxygen Supply; Mixing and Viscosity

2.3.2 Biomass Productivity in Heterotrophic Bioreactors2.3.3 Costs in Heterotrophic Bioreactors; 2.3.4 Scaling-up in Heterotrophic Bioreactors; 2.3.5 Commercial Applications of Heterotrophic Bioreactors; 3 Small-Scale Photobioreactors; 3.1 Vertical Photobioreactors; 3.1.1 Major Factors Affecting the Vertical PBRs Performance; Light Available; Aeration Rate, Gas Holdup, and Superficial Gas Velocity; 3.1.2 Biomass Productivity in Vertical PBR; 3.1.3 Costs in Vertical Photobioreactors; 3.1.4 Scaling-up in Vertical Photobioreactors; 3.2 Flat-Plate Photobioreactors

3.2.1 Major Factors Affecting the Flat-Plate Photobioreactor PerformanceLight Supply; Gas Balance and Mixing; Temperature; 3.2.2 Biomass Productivity in Flat-Plate Photobioreactor; 3.2.3 Costs in Flat-Plate PBRs; 3.2.4 Scaling-up in Flat-Plate Photobioreactors; 4 Recent Developments in Microalgae Cultivation Systems; 5 Criteria for the Selection of Microalgae Cultivation System; 6 Final Considerations; References; 3 Process Integration Applied to Microalgal Biofuels Production; Abstract; 1 Introduction; 2 Microalgae; 2.1 Cellular Metabolism; 2.2 Microalgal Growth Conditions; 2.2.1 Nutrients

2.2.2 PH2.2.3 Light Intensity and Temperature; 2.3 Microalgal Culture Technology; 2.3.1 Open Systems; 2.3.2 Closed Systems; 2.4 Microalgal Applications; 3 Wastewater Treatment by Microalgae; 3.1 Nutrient Removal; 3.2 Limitations of Conventional Treatments; 3.3 Benefits of Microalgae in WWTPs; 3.4 Reduction of Operating Costs; 4 Microalgal Limitations in Wastewater Treatment; 4.1 Temperature Variability; 4.2 Light/Dark Cycle; 4.3 Competition with the Microflora Present in Wastewater; 4.4 Biomass Harvesting; 4.5 Wastewater Characteristics