Intro; Foreword; Preface; Contents; Nomenclature; 1 Introduction; 1.1 State of the Art; 1.2 Objectives; 1.3 Structure; References; 2 Process Simulation; 2.1 Thermal Hydraulic Models; 2.1.1 Mixture Flow Model; 2.1.2 Two-Fluid Model; 2.1.2.1 Four-Equation Flow Model; 2.1.2.2 Five-Equation Flow Model; 2.1.2.3 Six-Equation Flow Model; 2.1.2.4 Seven-Equation Flow Model; 2.2 Process Components; 2.2.1 Connection Point; 2.2.2 Thin-Walled Tube; 2.2.2.1 Pipe; 2.2.2.2 Valve; 2.2.2.3 Heat Exchanger; 2.2.2.4 Attemperator/Desuperheater; 2.2.3 Thick-Walled Tube; 2.2.3.1 Header; 2.2.3.2 Drum

2.2.3.3 Separator2.2.3.4 Feedwater Storage Tank; 2.2.4 Turbomachines; 2.2.4.1 Compressor; 2.2.4.2 Fan; 2.2.4.3 Blower; 2.2.4.4 Pump; 2.2.4.5 Steam Turbine; 2.2.4.6 Gas Turbine; 2.2.5 Additional Components; 2.2.5.1 Combustion Chamber; 2.2.5.2 Fluidized Bed; 2.2.5.3 Fuel Cell; 2.2.5.4 Weather; 2.2.5.5 Mill; 2.2.5.6 Flue Gas Control; 2.3 Automation Components; 2.3.1 Measurement Modules; 2.3.2 Analogue Modules; 2.3.2.1 Basic Modules; 2.3.2.2 Static Modules; 2.3.2.3 Dynamic Modules; 2.3.3 Binary Modules; 2.3.3.1 Basic Modules; 2.3.3.2 Advanced Modules; 2.3.4 Signal Source Modules

2.3.5 Controller Modules2.4 Electrical Components; 2.4.1 Basic Modules; 2.4.2 Current Sources Modules; 2.4.3 DC and AC Modules; 2.5 Conclusion; References; 3 Computational Fluid Dynamics; 3.1 Numerical Methods for Single-Phase Flow; 3.1.1 Particle Methods; 3.1.1.1 Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamic Method; 3.1.1.2 Mesh-Free Galerkin Methods; 3.1.1.3 Other Particle Methods; 3.1.2 Grid-Based Methods; 3.1.2.1 Numerical Grid; 3.1.2.2 Discretisation Methods; Spatial Discretisation; Temporal Discretisation; Pressure Correction Methods; Boundary and Initial Values; Turbulent Flow; Radiation

3.1.2.3 Solution Methods3.2 Numerical Methods for Gas-Solid Flow; 3.2.1 Quasi-single-phase Method; 3.2.2 Two-Fluid Method; 3.2.3 Single-Particle Method; 3.2.3.1 Collision Detection Models; Stochastic Collision Detection Models; Deterministic Collision Detection Models; 3.2.3.2 Collision Treatment Models; Hard Sphere Model; Soft Sphere Model; Force Balance; Momentum Balance; 3.2.3.3 Inter-phase Coupling; Volumetric Void Fraction; Momentum Transfer; Heat Transfer; 3.2.3.4 Particle Time Step; 3.2.4 Hybrid Method; 3.3 Conclusion; References; 4 Results; 4.1 Dynamic Process Simulation

4.1.1 Combined-Cycle Power Plant4.1.1.1 Load Changes and Off-Design Operation; HRSG Model; Control Structure; Dynamic Simulation; 4.1.1.2 Start-up and Shutdown Procedures; Warm Start-up; Hot Start-up/Shutdown; 4.1.1.3 Process Improvements; Supplementary-Fired HRSG; Vertical Natural Circulation HRSG; Sub-Critical Once-Through HRSG; Super-Critical Once-Through HRSG; 4.1.2 Pulverised Coal-Fired Power Plant; 4.1.2.1 Single-Pass Boiler; 4.1.2.2 Two-Pass Boiler; 4.1.2.3 Oxyfuel Boiler; 4.1.3 Municipal Solid Waste Incineration; 4.1.3.1 Characterisation of Incinerator; 4.1.3.2 Incinerator Model