Intro; Preface of the Second Edition; Preface of the First Edition; Contents; List of Figures; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Scope of the Book; 1.2 Overview of Existing Literature; 1.3 History of Wind Energy Generation; 1.4 Potential of Wind Energy Generation; 1.5 Present Status of Wind Energy Generation; 1.6 Structure of This Book; References; 2 Wind Regimes; 2.1 Global Circulation; 2.2 Driving Forces; 2.2.1 Hydrostatic Equation; 2.2.2 Momentum Budget Equations for the Wind; 2.3 Geostrophic Winds and Gradient Winds; 2.4 Thermal Winds; 2.5 Boundary Layer Winds; 2.6 Thunderstorm Gusts and Tornados

2.6.1 Thunderstorm Gusts2.6.2 Tornadoes; 2.7 Air Density; 2.8 Thermal Stratification of the Air; 2.8.1 The Geostrophic Drag Law; References; 3 Vertical Profiles Over Flat Terrain; 3.1 Surface Layer (Prandtl Layer); 3.1.1 Logarithmic Wind Profile; 3.1.1.1 Neutral Stratification; 3.1.1.2 Unstable Stratification; 3.1.1.3 Stable Stratification; 3.1.2 Power Law; 3.1.3 Comparison Between Logarithmic and Power Law; 3.1.4 Vertical Gust Profile with Large Wind Speeds; 3.2 Profile Laws Above the Surface Layer; 3.2.1 Ekman Layer Equations; 3.2.2 Inertial Oscillations in the Ekman Layer

3.2.3 Vertical Wind Profiles in the Ekman Layer3.2.4 Unified Description of the Wind Profile for the Boundary Layer; 3.2.4.1 Neutral Conditions; 3.2.4.2 Non-neutral Conditions; 3.3 Spectra; 3.4 Diurnal Variations of the Wind Profile; 3.4.1 Vertical Profiles of the Weibull Parameters; 3.4.2 Low-Level Jets; 3.4.2.1 Origin of Low-Level Jets; 3.4.2.2 Frequency of Low-Level Jets; 3.4.2.3 Vertical Wind Profiles Below the Jet Core; 3.5 Internal Boundary Layers; 3.6 Wind and Turbulence Profiles Over Forests; 3.7 Winds in Cities; 3.7.1 Characteristics of Urban Boundary Layers

3.7.2 Vertical Profiles of Wind and Turbulence3.7.3 Special Flow Phenomena in Urban Canopy Layers; 3.8 Summary for Flat Terrain; References; 4 Winds in Complex Terrain; 4.1 Characteristics of Boundary Layers Over Complex Terrain; 4.1.1 Mountain and Valley Winds; 4.1.2 Katabatic Winds; 4.2 Wind Profiles Over a Hill; 4.2.1 Potential Flow; 4.2.2 Modified Potential Flow: Addition of an Inner Layer; 4.2.3 Modified Potential Flow: Consideration of Thermal Stability; 4.2.4 Weibull Parameters Over a Hill; 4.3 Wind Profiles Over an Escarpment; 4.4 Terrain Ruggedness; 4.5 Spectra

4.6 Diurnal Variation4.7 Summary for Complex Terrain; References; 5 Offshore Winds; 5.1 Characteristics of Marine Boundary Layers; 5.1.1 Sea Surface Roughness and Drag Coefficient; 5.1.2 Fetch and Stability-Dependent Wave Formation; 5.1.3 Extreme Wave Heights; 5.1.4 Wave Age; 5.1.5 Impact of the Vertical Moisture Profile; 5.1.6 Annual and Diurnal Variations; 5.2 Vertical Profiles; 5.3 Extreme Wind Speeds; 5.4 Turbulence; 5.4.1 Turbulence Intensity; 5.4.2 Wind Speed Variances; 5.4.3 Turbulence Length Scales and Inclination Angles; 5.4.4 Gust Events; 5.5 Weibull Parameter; 5.6 Coastal Effects