Intro; Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; 1: Allergy and Pollen; 1.1 What Is Allergy?; 1.2 The Overview of Allergic Immune Mechanism; 1.3 Who Has Allergic?; 1.4 What Is Aeroallergen?; 1.5 Pollen As Aeroallergen; 1.6 Evaluation of Pollen Allergy; 1.7 Factors Influencing Clinical Significance of Pollen; References; 2: The Formation of Pollen; 2.1 The Production of Pollen; 2.2 Pollination; 2.3 Characteristics of Wind-­Pollinated Plants; 2.4 Allergens of Pollen; 2.4.1 Tree Pollen; 2.4.1.1 Birch; 2.4.1.2 Japanese Cedar; 2.4.1.3 Alder; 2.4.1.4 Oak; 2.4.2 Grass Pollen

2.4.3 Weed Pollen2.4.3.1 Ragweed; 2.4.3.2 Mugwort; 2.4.3.3 Japanese Hop; 2.4.3.4 English Plantain; References; 3: Pollen Collection and Counting; 3.1 Purpose of Standardized Air Sampling; 3.2 Samplers; 3.2.1 Passive Gravity Slides; 3.2.2 Rotary Impact; 3.2.3 Slit Suction Type-Volumetric Spore Traps (Periodic or Constant); 3.2.4 Burkard 7-Day Recording Volumetric Spore Trap; 3.2.5 Personal Volumetric Air Sampler (Slide Mode for Non-­Viable Particles); 3.3 Operation; 3.3.1 Burkard 7-Day Recording Volumetric Trap; 3.3.1.1 Location and Height; 3.3.1.2 Desired Sampling Period

3.3.1.3 AdhesivesMelting of Vaseline Adhesive; Prevention of Germination; 3.3.1.4 Mountants; 3.3.1.5 Preparing the Drum; 3.3.1.6 Changing the Drum; 3.3.1.7 Sampling and Flow Rate; 3.3.1.8 Cutting the Tape; 3.3.1.9 Mounting and Preparing the Slides; 3.3.1.10 Stains; 3.3.1.11 Microscopy; 3.3.1.12 Identification; 3.3.1.13 Collection of Reference Slides; 3.3.1.14 Atlases, Monographs, Literature, and Manuals; 3.3.1.15 Analysis; Method of Counting; Counting/Enumeration Technique; Longitudinal Traverse; Twelve Traverses at 4 mm (2 h) Intervals; 3.3.1.16 Conversion; Burkard version

Recommended conversion formulaUnits; Interpretation of Results; 3.3.1.17 Meteorological Effects; 3.3.1.18 Maintenance and Safety; 3.3.1.19 Checklist; How to Count Pollen; Why Twelve Transverse Traverses?; Pollen Concentrations and Correction Factors; Using Eyepiece Graticules; Counting Conventions; Using Vernier Scales; 3.3.2 Personal Volumetric Air Sampler; 3.3.2.1 Operating Procedure; 3.3.2.2 Adhesives; 3.3.2.3 Method of Counting; 3.3.2.4 Conversion; 3.4 Pollen Identification; 3.4.1 The Appearance of Grass Pollen Grains; 3.4.1.1 Microscopic Appearance of Grass Pollen Grains

3.4.1.2 Grass Pollen Grain Contents3.4.1.3 Grass Pollen Grains with Collapsed Walls; 3.4.2 Other Pollen Grains; 3.4.2.1 Dock Pollen; 3.4.2.2 Plantain Pollen; 3.5 The Importance of Pollen Counting; References; 4: The Structure of Pollen; 4.1 Single Grains (Monads) Without Apertures; 4.1.1 With Two Bladders (Vesiculate); 4.1.2 Without Bladders, but Annular Thickening; 4.1.3 Without Ridges and Folds, Triangular with Poroids; 4.1.4 Without Ridges and Folds, Spherical; 4.2 Single Grains with Furrows; 4.2.1 Monocolpate Grains (Monads); 4.2.2 Tricolpate Pollen Grains