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Preface; Canine Dementia: Unbearable Lightness of Ageing; Acknowledgements; Contents; 1: Clinical Picture of Canine and Feline Cognitive Impairment; 1.1 Clinical Signs of Cognitive Dysfunction; 1.2 Prevalence of Behavior Signs in Senior Pets; 1.3 Pet Owner Reporting; 1.4 Diagnosis; 1.5 Senior Cognition and Decline in Learning and Memory; 1.6 Neuropsychological and Behavioral Assessment; 1.7 Summary; References; 2: Behavioural and Medical Differentials of Cognitive Decline and Dementia in Dogs and Cats; 2.1 Differential Diagnosis of CDS.
2.1.1 Behavioural Differentials of CDS in Dogs and Cats2.1.1.1 Anxiety; 2.1.1.2 Fear; 2.1.1.3 Night-Time Waking; 2.1.1.4 Excessive Vocalisation; 2.1.1.5 House Soiling; 2.1.1.6 Aggression; 2.1.1.7 Repetitive Behaviours; 2.1.2 Medical Differentials of CDS in Dogs and Cats; 2.1.2.1 Sensory Decline; 2.1.2.2 Pain; 2.1.2.3 Cardiovascular Disease; 2.1.2.4 Endocrine Disease; 2.1.2.5 Gastrointestinal Disease; 2.1.2.6 Urinary System Disease; 2.1.3 Neurological Differentials of CDS in Dogs and Cats; 2.2 Diagnostic Approach to Reach a Presumptive Diagnosis of CDS; 2.2.1 Signalment.
2.2.2 History Taking2.2.2.1 Disorientation; 2.2.2.2 Alterations in Interactions with Owners, Other Pets and the Environment; 2.2.2.3 House Soiling; 2.2.2.4 Changes in Activity; 2.2.2.5 Establishment of the Most Relevant Complaint(s); 2.2.3 Patient Examination; 2.2.3.1 Physical Examination; 2.2.3.2 Orthopaedic Examination; 2.2.3.3 Ophthalmological Examination; 2.2.3.4 Neurological Examination; 2.2.3.5 Changes on Neurological Examination that Would Not Be Expected with CDS; 2.2.4 Problem List and Differential Diagnosis; 2.2.4.1 Problem List; 2.2.4.2 Differential List.
2.2.4.3 Differential Diagnosis: DAMNITV2.2.4.4 Degenerative Differentials; Ceroid Lipofuscinosis; L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria; Other Neurodegenerative Diseases; 2.2.4.5 Anomalous: Brain Malformations; 2.2.4.6 Metabolic Differentials; Hypoglycaemia; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Renal Encephalopathy; Electrolytes Disturbances; 2.2.4.7 Nutritional; Vitamin B1 Deficiency; Vitamin E Deficiency; 2.2.4.8 Neoplastic Brain Disease; 2.2.4.9 Inflammatory Non-infectious Brain Disease; 2.2.4.10 Infectious Brain Disease; 2.2.4.11 Traumatic Differential: Chronic Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury.
2.2.4.12 Toxic Differential: Lead Poisoning2.2.4.13 Vascular; Hypertensive Encephalopathy; Cerebrovascular Accidents; 2.2.5 Diagnostic Testing; 2.2.5.1 Laboratory Testing; 2.2.5.2 Blood Pressure; 2.2.5.3 Advanced Imaging; 2.2.5.4 CSF Analysis; 2.2.5.5 Additional Testing; 2.2.6 Summary; References; 3: Phenotypic Variability and Clinical Staging of Canine Dementia; 3.1 The Clinical Picture of Canine Dementia in a Nutshell; 3.1.1 Disorientation and Activity Changes; 3.1.2 Changes in Social Interactions; 3.1.3 Sleep and Wakefulness Cycle Changes; 3.1.4 Changes in Hygiene Habits.
2.1.1 Behavioural Differentials of CDS in Dogs and Cats2.1.1.1 Anxiety; 2.1.1.2 Fear; 2.1.1.3 Night-Time Waking; 2.1.1.4 Excessive Vocalisation; 2.1.1.5 House Soiling; 2.1.1.6 Aggression; 2.1.1.7 Repetitive Behaviours; 2.1.2 Medical Differentials of CDS in Dogs and Cats; 2.1.2.1 Sensory Decline; 2.1.2.2 Pain; 2.1.2.3 Cardiovascular Disease; 2.1.2.4 Endocrine Disease; 2.1.2.5 Gastrointestinal Disease; 2.1.2.6 Urinary System Disease; 2.1.3 Neurological Differentials of CDS in Dogs and Cats; 2.2 Diagnostic Approach to Reach a Presumptive Diagnosis of CDS; 2.2.1 Signalment.
2.2.2 History Taking2.2.2.1 Disorientation; 2.2.2.2 Alterations in Interactions with Owners, Other Pets and the Environment; 2.2.2.3 House Soiling; 2.2.2.4 Changes in Activity; 2.2.2.5 Establishment of the Most Relevant Complaint(s); 2.2.3 Patient Examination; 2.2.3.1 Physical Examination; 2.2.3.2 Orthopaedic Examination; 2.2.3.3 Ophthalmological Examination; 2.2.3.4 Neurological Examination; 2.2.3.5 Changes on Neurological Examination that Would Not Be Expected with CDS; 2.2.4 Problem List and Differential Diagnosis; 2.2.4.1 Problem List; 2.2.4.2 Differential List.
2.2.4.3 Differential Diagnosis: DAMNITV2.2.4.4 Degenerative Differentials; Ceroid Lipofuscinosis; L-2-Hydroxyglutaric Aciduria; Other Neurodegenerative Diseases; 2.2.4.5 Anomalous: Brain Malformations; 2.2.4.6 Metabolic Differentials; Hypoglycaemia; Hepatic Encephalopathy; Renal Encephalopathy; Electrolytes Disturbances; 2.2.4.7 Nutritional; Vitamin B1 Deficiency; Vitamin E Deficiency; 2.2.4.8 Neoplastic Brain Disease; 2.2.4.9 Inflammatory Non-infectious Brain Disease; 2.2.4.10 Infectious Brain Disease; 2.2.4.11 Traumatic Differential: Chronic Repetitive Traumatic Brain Injury.
2.2.4.12 Toxic Differential: Lead Poisoning2.2.4.13 Vascular; Hypertensive Encephalopathy; Cerebrovascular Accidents; 2.2.5 Diagnostic Testing; 2.2.5.1 Laboratory Testing; 2.2.5.2 Blood Pressure; 2.2.5.3 Advanced Imaging; 2.2.5.4 CSF Analysis; 2.2.5.5 Additional Testing; 2.2.6 Summary; References; 3: Phenotypic Variability and Clinical Staging of Canine Dementia; 3.1 The Clinical Picture of Canine Dementia in a Nutshell; 3.1.1 Disorientation and Activity Changes; 3.1.2 Changes in Social Interactions; 3.1.3 Sleep and Wakefulness Cycle Changes; 3.1.4 Changes in Hygiene Habits.