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Table of Contents
Intro; Preface; Reviewers; Contents; About the Editors; Abbreviations; 1 Managing Risk in Electric Distribution Networks; Abstract; 1.1 Chapter Overview; 1.2 The Need for Flexibility Options in Distribution Networks; 1.2.1 Challenges of Variable Energy Sources Integration; 1.2.2 Emerging Energy Consumption Forms; 1.2.2.1 Demand Management in Industrial Installations; 1.2.2.2 Small-Scale DR: Demand Management in Services and Households; 1.2.2.3 Electric Vehicles (EVs); 1.2.2.4 Power to Heat; 1.2.2.5 Power to Gas; 1.2.3 Risk Posed by Increasing Uncertainty and Variability
1.2.4 The Path Towards More Flexible and Smarter Grids1.3 Managing Distribution Networks Featuring Large-Scale Variable Energy Sources; 1.3.1 General Problem Description; 1.3.2 Algebraic Formulation; 1.4 Case Study, Results and Discussions; Appendix; References; 2 Distribution Network Modeling and Management; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Electric Distribution Network Modelling; 2.2.1 Electric Distribution Network Multi-phase Modelling; 2.2.1.1 Distribution Lines; 2.2.1.2 Transformers; 2.2.1.3 Loads/Capacitor Banks; 2.2.1.4 Distributed Energy Resources
2.2.2 Approximation of Unbalanced Network with Balanced Model2.3 Application of the Unbalanced Model in DMS Applications; 2.3.1 Test Results on Power Flow Analysis; 2.3.2 Unbalanced Model-Based Loss Reduction; 2.3.2.1 Methodology; 2.3.2.2 Test Distribution Networks; 2.3.2.3 Test Results on Loss Reduction; Appendix; References; 3 Distribution Network Demand and Its Uncertainty; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Buddying: Simulated Network Demand with Limited Monitoring; 3.2.1 Buddying Methodology; 3.2.2 The Simple Algorithm Buddy; 3.2.3 Assessing the Buddying
3.2.4 Case Study for 122 LV Substation Feeders3.2.4.1 Data and Study Specifications; 3.2.4.2 Buddying Error Analysis; 3.2.5 Incorporating Commercial Customers and Generation; 3.2.6 A Note on Other Approaches; 3.3 Modelling Uncertainty on LV Electric Distribution Networks; 3.3.1 Monitoring Based Confidence Bound Generation; 3.3.2 Simple Confidence Bound Generation (Limited Monitoring); 3.3.3 Case Study; 3.4 Incorporating Uncertainty into the Buddying; 3.4.1 A Simple Update; 3.4.2 Uniformly Distributed; 3.4.3 Buddying to Confidence
3.4.4 Uncertainty of Buddying from the Distribution of Smart Meter Data3.5 Power Flow Analysis Examples; Appendix; Customer Groups; Genetic Algorithm; References; 4 Coordinated Voltage Control in Active Distribution Networks; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Voltage Control Methods in a System with Distributed Generation; 4.2.1 Decentralized Voltage Control Methods; 4.2.2 Centralized/Coordinated Voltage Control Methods; 4.3 Fuzzy Logic for Coordinated Voltage Control in Active Distribution Systems; 4.3.1 Fuzzy Logic and Fuzzy Inference System
1.2.4 The Path Towards More Flexible and Smarter Grids1.3 Managing Distribution Networks Featuring Large-Scale Variable Energy Sources; 1.3.1 General Problem Description; 1.3.2 Algebraic Formulation; 1.4 Case Study, Results and Discussions; Appendix; References; 2 Distribution Network Modeling and Management; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Electric Distribution Network Modelling; 2.2.1 Electric Distribution Network Multi-phase Modelling; 2.2.1.1 Distribution Lines; 2.2.1.2 Transformers; 2.2.1.3 Loads/Capacitor Banks; 2.2.1.4 Distributed Energy Resources
2.2.2 Approximation of Unbalanced Network with Balanced Model2.3 Application of the Unbalanced Model in DMS Applications; 2.3.1 Test Results on Power Flow Analysis; 2.3.2 Unbalanced Model-Based Loss Reduction; 2.3.2.1 Methodology; 2.3.2.2 Test Distribution Networks; 2.3.2.3 Test Results on Loss Reduction; Appendix; References; 3 Distribution Network Demand and Its Uncertainty; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Buddying: Simulated Network Demand with Limited Monitoring; 3.2.1 Buddying Methodology; 3.2.2 The Simple Algorithm Buddy; 3.2.3 Assessing the Buddying
3.2.4 Case Study for 122 LV Substation Feeders3.2.4.1 Data and Study Specifications; 3.2.4.2 Buddying Error Analysis; 3.2.5 Incorporating Commercial Customers and Generation; 3.2.6 A Note on Other Approaches; 3.3 Modelling Uncertainty on LV Electric Distribution Networks; 3.3.1 Monitoring Based Confidence Bound Generation; 3.3.2 Simple Confidence Bound Generation (Limited Monitoring); 3.3.3 Case Study; 3.4 Incorporating Uncertainty into the Buddying; 3.4.1 A Simple Update; 3.4.2 Uniformly Distributed; 3.4.3 Buddying to Confidence
3.4.4 Uncertainty of Buddying from the Distribution of Smart Meter Data3.5 Power Flow Analysis Examples; Appendix; Customer Groups; Genetic Algorithm; References; 4 Coordinated Voltage Control in Active Distribution Networks; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Voltage Control Methods in a System with Distributed Generation; 4.2.1 Decentralized Voltage Control Methods; 4.2.2 Centralized/Coordinated Voltage Control Methods; 4.3 Fuzzy Logic for Coordinated Voltage Control in Active Distribution Systems; 4.3.1 Fuzzy Logic and Fuzzy Inference System