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Intro; Foreword; Preface; Contents; 1: What Is Cancer of the Rectum?; 1.1 Epidemiology; 1.2 The Rectum; 1.2.1 Anatomy; 1.2.2 Function; 1.3 Pathophysiology; 1.4 Presentation; 1.5 Diagnosis; References; 2: The Patient's Perspective; 2.1 What Is Known About the Patient's Endpoints?; 2.2 Variation in Information; 2.3 What Are Relevant Endpoints?; 2.4 Does Type of Surgery Influence Functional Outcome in Rectal Cancer?; 2.5 Is Bowel Function After Sphincter-Saving Surgery a Relevant Endpoint for Patients?; 2.6 Is Having a Stoma a Relevant Endpoint for Patients?
2.7 Is Sexual Function a Relevant Endpoint for Patients?2.8 Is Bladder Function a Relevant Endpoint for Patients?; 2.9 Is Emotional Function a Relevant Endpoint for Patients?; 2.10 Is Pain a Relevant Endpoint for Patients?; 2.11 Is Tiredness a Relevant Endpoint for Patients?; 2.12 Is Radiotherapy's Effect a Relevant Endpoint for the Patients?; 2.13 Future Perspectives; References; 3: What Are the Issues in the Treatment of Elderly Patients?; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 What Is Frailty and How Is Frailty Easily Assessed?
3.3 What Is the Treatment of Choice in a Physiologically Fit Elderly?3.4 Stoma or Bowel Continuity?; 3.5 What to Do in an Emergency Situation?; 3.6 Expectations of Life and Shared Decision Making; 3.7 Future Developments; 3.8 Summary; References; 4: Are There Risk Factors in the European Population, Which Promote Rectal Cancer and/or Favour Curability?; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Age and Stage at Diagnosis as Prognostic Factors for Rectal Cancer; 4.3 Modifiable Risk Factors; 4.3.1 Prevalence of Comorbidity Among Rectal Cancer Patients; 4.3.2 Effect of Comorbidity on Choice of Treatment
4.3.3 Effect of Comorbidity on Postoperative Mortality4.3.4 Effect of Comorbidity on Overall Survival; 4.4 Screening Consequences on Rectal Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis; 4.5 Genetic Risk and Rectal Cancer; References; 5: What Is the History of Rectal Cancer Treatment?; 5.1 How Did Rectal Cancer Turn into Curable Disease?; 5.1.1 Perineal and Sacral Resection; 5.2 How Did Sphincter Preservation Become the New Golden Standard?; 5.3 What Was the Most Important Milestone in Rectal Cancer Surgery After the Introduction of Miles' APR?
5.4 How Did the Focus Change from Eradication of the Tumour Only to Combining Cure with Quality of Life of Patients After Treatment?5.5 What Have Been the Developments in Minimally Invasive Surgery for Rectal Cancer?; 5.5.1 Laparoscopic Rectal Cancer Surgery; 5.5.2 Rectum-Saving Therapy; 5.6 How Did (Neo)Adjuvant Therapies Improve Treatment of Rectal Cancer?; 5.7 Can Imaging Techniques Represent the Next Step in the Development of Rectal Cancer Treatment?; References
2.7 Is Sexual Function a Relevant Endpoint for Patients?2.8 Is Bladder Function a Relevant Endpoint for Patients?; 2.9 Is Emotional Function a Relevant Endpoint for Patients?; 2.10 Is Pain a Relevant Endpoint for Patients?; 2.11 Is Tiredness a Relevant Endpoint for Patients?; 2.12 Is Radiotherapy's Effect a Relevant Endpoint for the Patients?; 2.13 Future Perspectives; References; 3: What Are the Issues in the Treatment of Elderly Patients?; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 What Is Frailty and How Is Frailty Easily Assessed?
3.3 What Is the Treatment of Choice in a Physiologically Fit Elderly?3.4 Stoma or Bowel Continuity?; 3.5 What to Do in an Emergency Situation?; 3.6 Expectations of Life and Shared Decision Making; 3.7 Future Developments; 3.8 Summary; References; 4: Are There Risk Factors in the European Population, Which Promote Rectal Cancer and/or Favour Curability?; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Age and Stage at Diagnosis as Prognostic Factors for Rectal Cancer; 4.3 Modifiable Risk Factors; 4.3.1 Prevalence of Comorbidity Among Rectal Cancer Patients; 4.3.2 Effect of Comorbidity on Choice of Treatment
4.3.3 Effect of Comorbidity on Postoperative Mortality4.3.4 Effect of Comorbidity on Overall Survival; 4.4 Screening Consequences on Rectal Cancer Diagnosis and Prognosis; 4.5 Genetic Risk and Rectal Cancer; References; 5: What Is the History of Rectal Cancer Treatment?; 5.1 How Did Rectal Cancer Turn into Curable Disease?; 5.1.1 Perineal and Sacral Resection; 5.2 How Did Sphincter Preservation Become the New Golden Standard?; 5.3 What Was the Most Important Milestone in Rectal Cancer Surgery After the Introduction of Miles' APR?
5.4 How Did the Focus Change from Eradication of the Tumour Only to Combining Cure with Quality of Life of Patients After Treatment?5.5 What Have Been the Developments in Minimally Invasive Surgery for Rectal Cancer?; 5.5.1 Laparoscopic Rectal Cancer Surgery; 5.5.2 Rectum-Saving Therapy; 5.6 How Did (Neo)Adjuvant Therapies Improve Treatment of Rectal Cancer?; 5.7 Can Imaging Techniques Represent the Next Step in the Development of Rectal Cancer Treatment?; References