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Intro; Preface; Contents; 1: Introduction; 1.1 The Thoracic Cage as Checkpoint Charlie: The Good, the Bad and the Totally Unintelligent; 1.2 Consensus Documents: A Step Forward or the Blind Leading the Deaf?; 1.3 Even a Mole May Instruct a Philosopher in the Art of Digging (Earnest Bramah, The Wallet of Kai Lung); 1.4 Thoracic Auscultation: The Way We Were; 1.5 Thoracic Auscultation: The Way We Are; 1.6 Thoracic Auscultation: Where Do We Want to Get to, and What Is the Roadmap?; References; Part I: General Consideration; 2: The Stethoscope: Historical Considerations
2.1 The Significance of Laennec and the Stethoscope2.2 Immediate and Mediate Auscultation; 2.3 Acceptance of the New Device and Its Evolutionary Decedents; 2.4 Evolution of Stethoscope Design; 2.5 Impact of Disease on Sounds of Respiration, Voice and Cough as Heard Through the Stethoscope; 2.6 The 'Humpty Dumpty' Problem; 2.7 Reports of the Stethoscope's Demise Have Been Somewhat Premature; References; 3: Clinical Usefulness of Breath Sounds; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Normal Breath Sounds; 3.3 Adventitious Breath Sounds; 3.3.1 Musical Sounds; 3.3.1.1 Stridor; 3.3.1.2 Wheeze
3.3.1.3 Rhonchus3.3.2 Non-musical Sounds; 3.3.2.1 Crackles; 3.3.3 Mixed Sound; 3.3.4 Pleural Friction Rub; 3.4 Voice-Transmitted Sounds; 3.5 Noisy Breathing; 3.5.1 Grunt; 3.5.2 Snuffle; 3.5.3 Ruttle; 3.5.4 Snore; 3.6 Clinical Cases; References; 4: Breath Sounds in Epidemiology; 4.1 Introduction: A Bibliographic Exercise; 4.2 What Does Wheeze Mean?; 4.3 How Well Parents Report Wheezing in Their Infant Children; 4.4 A Historic Perspective of Questionnaires on Wheeze to Diagnose Asthma in Children and Adults
4.5 The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) and the Global Asthma Network (GAN)4.5.1 Written Questionnaires; 4.5.2 Video Questionnaire; 4.6 How Well Questionnaires on Wheeze Perform; 4.6.1 Validation Against Clinical Diagnosis of Asthma; 4.6.2 Validation Against Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness; 4.7 Internationalization of Questionnaires on Wheezing: How Not to Get Lost in Translation; References; 5: Nomenclature; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Onomatopoeia and Other Describing Terms; 5.3 Agreement on the Use of Terms; 5.4 Subclassification of Crackles
5.5 Wheezes and Rhonchi5.6 Clinical Application and Future Development; References; Part II: Sound Recording, Analysis and Perception; 6: Physics and Applications for Tracheal Sound Recordings in Sleep Disorders; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Historical Background; 6.3 Tracheal Sounds; 6.4 Tracheal Sound Sensors; 6.5 Clinical Applications for Sleep Studies; 6.5.1 Detection of Events; 6.5.2 Characterization of Events; 6.5.3 Other Uses; References; 7: Sound Transmission Through the Human Body; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Transmission of Artificial Sound Introduced into the Airway
2.1 The Significance of Laennec and the Stethoscope2.2 Immediate and Mediate Auscultation; 2.3 Acceptance of the New Device and Its Evolutionary Decedents; 2.4 Evolution of Stethoscope Design; 2.5 Impact of Disease on Sounds of Respiration, Voice and Cough as Heard Through the Stethoscope; 2.6 The 'Humpty Dumpty' Problem; 2.7 Reports of the Stethoscope's Demise Have Been Somewhat Premature; References; 3: Clinical Usefulness of Breath Sounds; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Normal Breath Sounds; 3.3 Adventitious Breath Sounds; 3.3.1 Musical Sounds; 3.3.1.1 Stridor; 3.3.1.2 Wheeze
3.3.1.3 Rhonchus3.3.2 Non-musical Sounds; 3.3.2.1 Crackles; 3.3.3 Mixed Sound; 3.3.4 Pleural Friction Rub; 3.4 Voice-Transmitted Sounds; 3.5 Noisy Breathing; 3.5.1 Grunt; 3.5.2 Snuffle; 3.5.3 Ruttle; 3.5.4 Snore; 3.6 Clinical Cases; References; 4: Breath Sounds in Epidemiology; 4.1 Introduction: A Bibliographic Exercise; 4.2 What Does Wheeze Mean?; 4.3 How Well Parents Report Wheezing in Their Infant Children; 4.4 A Historic Perspective of Questionnaires on Wheeze to Diagnose Asthma in Children and Adults
4.5 The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) and the Global Asthma Network (GAN)4.5.1 Written Questionnaires; 4.5.2 Video Questionnaire; 4.6 How Well Questionnaires on Wheeze Perform; 4.6.1 Validation Against Clinical Diagnosis of Asthma; 4.6.2 Validation Against Bronchial Hyperresponsiveness; 4.7 Internationalization of Questionnaires on Wheezing: How Not to Get Lost in Translation; References; 5: Nomenclature; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Onomatopoeia and Other Describing Terms; 5.3 Agreement on the Use of Terms; 5.4 Subclassification of Crackles
5.5 Wheezes and Rhonchi5.6 Clinical Application and Future Development; References; Part II: Sound Recording, Analysis and Perception; 6: Physics and Applications for Tracheal Sound Recordings in Sleep Disorders; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Historical Background; 6.3 Tracheal Sounds; 6.4 Tracheal Sound Sensors; 6.5 Clinical Applications for Sleep Studies; 6.5.1 Detection of Events; 6.5.2 Characterization of Events; 6.5.3 Other Uses; References; 7: Sound Transmission Through the Human Body; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Transmission of Artificial Sound Introduced into the Airway