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Table of Contents
Intro; Preface; Contents; Part I: Natural Mangrove Systems; Chapter 1: Australian Mangroves: Their Distribution and Protection; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Current Status; 1.3 Previous Work Describing the Distribution of Australian Mangroves; 1.4 Distribution of Australian Mangroves in Terms of Climate Setting, Biodiversity, and Habitat Variability; 1.5 The Need to Conserve Mangroves; 1.6 The Need to Specifically Conserve Australian Mangroves from a Global Perspective; 1.7 The Need to Conserve Mangroves as Species, Communities, and in an Ecosystem Approach.
1.8 Moving from a Set of ad hoc Conservation Reserves to a National Strategy for Australian Mangroves1.9 The Existing Conservation Regime and Legislation for Australian Mangroves; 1.10 Discussion and Conclusions; References; Chapter 2: The Dynamics of Expanding Mangroves in New Zealand; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Mangroves in New Zealand; 2.2.1 Mangrove Distribution; 2.2.2 Geomorphological Setting of New Zealand Mangroves; 2.2.3 Mānawa: The New Zealand Mangrove; 2.2.4 Mangrove Expansion in New Zealandś Anthropocene; 2.3 Biophysical Dynamics of Expanding Mangroves.
2.3.1 Morphological Change in Expanding Mangroves2.3.2 Biophysical Interactions; 2.4 Succession of Expanding Mangrove Systems; 2.5 Carbon Dynamics of Expanding Mangroves; 2.6 Ecosystem (Dis- )services of Expanding Mangroves; 2.7 Mangrove Removal in New Zealand; 2.7.1 Overview of Recent Mangrove Expansion; 2.7.2 Mangrove Removal Policies in New Zealand; 2.7.3 Mangrove Removal Strategies; 2.7.4 Removal `Success ́Rates; 2.8 The Known and Unknown Effects of Mangrove Removal; 2.8.1 Effects of Mangrove Clearance on Estuarine Morphodynamics; 2.8.2 Effects of Mangrove Clearance on Sediment Composition.
2.8.3 Effects of Mangrove Clearance on Carbon Dynamics2.8.4 Effects of Mangrove Clearance on Other Ecosystem Services; 2.9 Synthesis: Expanding Mangroves and the Future; References; Chapter 3: Mangrove Forests of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; 3.1 Introduction; 3.1.1 Application of Remote Sensing for Mangrove Forests; 3.1.1.1 Remote Sensing Methods in Mangrove Forest Detection; The Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI); Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI); The Normalized Difference Water Index; Mangrove Plant Reflectance and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).
3.2 Discussion3.2.1 Study Area; 3.2.2 Mangrove Forest Distributions; 3.2.2.1 Iran; 3.2.2.2 Pakistan; 3.2.2.3 Oman; 3.2.2.4 United Arab Emirate; 3.2.2.5 Qatar; 3.2.2.6 Bahrain; 3.2.2.7 Saudi Arabia; 3.2.3 Mangrove Forest Threats in Study Area; 3.2.4 Mangrove Forest Change Detection in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman (1977-2017); 3.2.4.1 Methodology; 3.2.4.2 Mangrove Forest Changes in Study Area (1977-2017); Mangrove Forest in 1977; Mangrove Forest in 1989; Mangrove Forest in 2000; Mangrove Forest in 2017.
1.8 Moving from a Set of ad hoc Conservation Reserves to a National Strategy for Australian Mangroves1.9 The Existing Conservation Regime and Legislation for Australian Mangroves; 1.10 Discussion and Conclusions; References; Chapter 2: The Dynamics of Expanding Mangroves in New Zealand; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Mangroves in New Zealand; 2.2.1 Mangrove Distribution; 2.2.2 Geomorphological Setting of New Zealand Mangroves; 2.2.3 Mānawa: The New Zealand Mangrove; 2.2.4 Mangrove Expansion in New Zealandś Anthropocene; 2.3 Biophysical Dynamics of Expanding Mangroves.
2.3.1 Morphological Change in Expanding Mangroves2.3.2 Biophysical Interactions; 2.4 Succession of Expanding Mangrove Systems; 2.5 Carbon Dynamics of Expanding Mangroves; 2.6 Ecosystem (Dis- )services of Expanding Mangroves; 2.7 Mangrove Removal in New Zealand; 2.7.1 Overview of Recent Mangrove Expansion; 2.7.2 Mangrove Removal Policies in New Zealand; 2.7.3 Mangrove Removal Strategies; 2.7.4 Removal `Success ́Rates; 2.8 The Known and Unknown Effects of Mangrove Removal; 2.8.1 Effects of Mangrove Clearance on Estuarine Morphodynamics; 2.8.2 Effects of Mangrove Clearance on Sediment Composition.
2.8.3 Effects of Mangrove Clearance on Carbon Dynamics2.8.4 Effects of Mangrove Clearance on Other Ecosystem Services; 2.9 Synthesis: Expanding Mangroves and the Future; References; Chapter 3: Mangrove Forests of the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman; 3.1 Introduction; 3.1.1 Application of Remote Sensing for Mangrove Forests; 3.1.1.1 Remote Sensing Methods in Mangrove Forest Detection; The Perpendicular Vegetation Index (PVI); Soil-Adjusted Vegetation Index (SAVI); The Normalized Difference Water Index; Mangrove Plant Reflectance and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI).
3.2 Discussion3.2.1 Study Area; 3.2.2 Mangrove Forest Distributions; 3.2.2.1 Iran; 3.2.2.2 Pakistan; 3.2.2.3 Oman; 3.2.2.4 United Arab Emirate; 3.2.2.5 Qatar; 3.2.2.6 Bahrain; 3.2.2.7 Saudi Arabia; 3.2.3 Mangrove Forest Threats in Study Area; 3.2.4 Mangrove Forest Change Detection in the Persian Gulf and the Gulf of Oman (1977-2017); 3.2.4.1 Methodology; 3.2.4.2 Mangrove Forest Changes in Study Area (1977-2017); Mangrove Forest in 1977; Mangrove Forest in 1989; Mangrove Forest in 2000; Mangrove Forest in 2017.