Linked e-resources
Details
Table of Contents
Intro; Preface; Contents; About the Editors; Contributors; Part I: Overview; 1: Background, Epidemiology and Definition of Recurrent Pregnancy Loss; 1.1 Background; 1.2 Definitions and Terminology; 1.3 Epidemiology; 1.3.1 Incidence; 1.3.2 Prevalence; 1.3.3 Risk Factors and Etiology; 1.3.3.1 Number of Previous Miscarriages; 1.3.3.2 Maternal Age; 1.3.3.3 Lifestyle Factors; 1.3.3.4 Family History; 1.4 Etiopathogenesis; 1.4.1 Genetic Causes; 1.4.2 Anatomical Causes; 1.4.3 Endocrine Causes; 1.4.4 Infections; 1.4.5 Immunologic Causes; 1.4.6 Thrombotic Causes; 1.4.7 Other Causes
Key PointsReferences; 2: Normal Implantation, Placentation, and Fetal Development; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 The Decidua; 2.3 Blastocyst Implantation; 2.4 Factors Preventing Immune Rejection of Implanting Conceptus; 2.5 Placental Development; 2.5.1 Role of Trophoblast; 2.5.2 Trophoblast Differentiation; 2.5.3 Chorionic Villous Formation; 2.5.4 Formation of Amnion, Chorion, Amniotic Cavity; 2.6 Formation of Amniotic Fluid, Its Properties and Its Functioning; 2.6.1 Production and Circulation; 2.6.2 Physical Features and Composition; 2.6.3 Function
2.7 Trophoblastic Invasion and Spiral Artery Remodeling2.8 Mature Placenta at Term and Villous Branching; 2.9 Placental Circulation; 2.9.1 Uteroplacental Circulation/Maternal Circulation; 2.9.2 Feto-Placental Circulation/Fetal Circulation; 2.10 Placental Barrier; 2.11 Placental Aging; 2.12 Umbilical Cord; 2.12.1 Development; 2.12.2 Content; 2.13 Fetal Development; 2.14 Fetal Nutrition; 2.15 Fetal Hemopoiesis; 2.16 Coagulation Factors; 2.17 Plasma Proteins; 2.18 Leukocyte and Fetal Immunology; 2.19 Urinary System; 2.20 Lung Development; 2.21 Gastrointestinal Tract
2.22 Endocrinology2.23 Skin; 2.24 The Fetal Circulation; 2.25 Changes in Fetal Circulation at Birth; Key Points; References; 3: Normal Immune Function: Journey of the Fetus; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Initiating Signal for Developing Maternal Tolerance to the Developing Embryo; 3.3 Factors and Mechanisms for Maternal Immune Tolerance; 3.3.1 Altered HLA Expression (HLA-G, HLA-C); 3.3.2 Role of Preimplantation Factor (PIF); 3.3.3 Role of Progesterone; 3.3.4 Altered Th1-Th2 Ratio with Th2 Dominance; 3.3.5 Synthesis of Immunosuppressive Molecules; 3.3.6 Regulatory T Cells (Tregs)
3.3.7 Complement System3.3.8 Uterine Natural Killer Cells (uNK Cells) or Decidual NK Cells; 3.3.9 Phosphocholination; 3.3.10 Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PDL1); 3.3.11 Tryptophan Catabolism Mediated by Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO); 3.3.12 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) and Its Regulation of FasL Expression; 3.3.12.1 Fas Ligand (FasL); 3.4 Local Immune Tolerance; Key Points; References; Part II: Etiology and Management of RPL; 4: Immunology and Pregnancy Loss; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Mechanism of Fetal Tolerance; 4.2.1 Local Immune Adaptation
Key PointsReferences; 2: Normal Implantation, Placentation, and Fetal Development; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 The Decidua; 2.3 Blastocyst Implantation; 2.4 Factors Preventing Immune Rejection of Implanting Conceptus; 2.5 Placental Development; 2.5.1 Role of Trophoblast; 2.5.2 Trophoblast Differentiation; 2.5.3 Chorionic Villous Formation; 2.5.4 Formation of Amnion, Chorion, Amniotic Cavity; 2.6 Formation of Amniotic Fluid, Its Properties and Its Functioning; 2.6.1 Production and Circulation; 2.6.2 Physical Features and Composition; 2.6.3 Function
2.7 Trophoblastic Invasion and Spiral Artery Remodeling2.8 Mature Placenta at Term and Villous Branching; 2.9 Placental Circulation; 2.9.1 Uteroplacental Circulation/Maternal Circulation; 2.9.2 Feto-Placental Circulation/Fetal Circulation; 2.10 Placental Barrier; 2.11 Placental Aging; 2.12 Umbilical Cord; 2.12.1 Development; 2.12.2 Content; 2.13 Fetal Development; 2.14 Fetal Nutrition; 2.15 Fetal Hemopoiesis; 2.16 Coagulation Factors; 2.17 Plasma Proteins; 2.18 Leukocyte and Fetal Immunology; 2.19 Urinary System; 2.20 Lung Development; 2.21 Gastrointestinal Tract
2.22 Endocrinology2.23 Skin; 2.24 The Fetal Circulation; 2.25 Changes in Fetal Circulation at Birth; Key Points; References; 3: Normal Immune Function: Journey of the Fetus; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Initiating Signal for Developing Maternal Tolerance to the Developing Embryo; 3.3 Factors and Mechanisms for Maternal Immune Tolerance; 3.3.1 Altered HLA Expression (HLA-G, HLA-C); 3.3.2 Role of Preimplantation Factor (PIF); 3.3.3 Role of Progesterone; 3.3.4 Altered Th1-Th2 Ratio with Th2 Dominance; 3.3.5 Synthesis of Immunosuppressive Molecules; 3.3.6 Regulatory T Cells (Tregs)
3.3.7 Complement System3.3.8 Uterine Natural Killer Cells (uNK Cells) or Decidual NK Cells; 3.3.9 Phosphocholination; 3.3.10 Programmed Death Ligand 1 (PDL1); 3.3.11 Tryptophan Catabolism Mediated by Indoleamine 2,3-Dioxygenase (IDO); 3.3.12 Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone (CRH) and Its Regulation of FasL Expression; 3.3.12.1 Fas Ligand (FasL); 3.4 Local Immune Tolerance; Key Points; References; Part II: Etiology and Management of RPL; 4: Immunology and Pregnancy Loss; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Mechanism of Fetal Tolerance; 4.2.1 Local Immune Adaptation