Intro; Foreword; Preface; Contents; Part I: General Principles and Diagnostic Management; 1: History of Elbow Diseases at Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 History of the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute; 1.3 The "Greats" of the Rizzoli Orthopaedic Institute and Their Experience with the Elbow; References; 2: Anatomy and Specimens; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Nerves; 2.2.1 Ulnar Nerve; 2.2.2 Radial Nerve; 2.2.3 Median Nerve; 2.3 Ligaments; 2.3.1 Primary Stabilizers; 2.3.1.1 Lateral Collateral Ligament Complex; 2.3.1.2 Medial Collateral Ligament Complex

2.3.2 Secondary Stabilizer2.4 Surgical Approaches; 2.4.1 Posterior Approach; 2.4.1.1 Olecranon Osteotomy; 2.4.1.2 Triceps Splitting; 2.4.1.3 Bryan-Morrey Approach (or Triceps Reflecting) (Bryan and Morrey 1982); 2.4.1.4 Triceps-Reflecting Anconeus Flap (TRAP) Approach; 2.4.1.5 Triceps On; 2.4.2 Lateral Approaches; 2.4.3 Medial Approaches; 2.4.4 Anterior Approach; References; 3: Functional Anatomy and Biomechanic Models of the Elbow; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Elbow Kinematics; 3.3 Force Transmission; 3.3.1 Forces During Flexion; 3.3.2 Forces During Extension

3.3.3 Forces During Forearm Rotation3.3.4 Forces During Abduction and Adduction; 3.3.5 Force Transmission During Falls; 3.4 Biomechanical Models of the Elbow; 3.5 Introduction; 3.6 Joint Coordinate Systems; 3.6.1 Comparison of Different Joint Coordinate Systems; 3.7 Conclusion; 3.8 Biomechanical Take-Home Messages for the Clinical Practice; References; 4: Clinical Examination and Scores; 4.1 Visual Assessment; 4.2 Palpation; 4.3 Range of Motion (ROM) Evaluation; 4.4 Clinical Assessment of Specific Elbow Disorders; 4.4.1 Medial Symptoms; 4.4.1.1 Medial Epicondylitis

4.4.1.2 Medial Collateral Ligament (MCL) PathologyMoving Valgus Stress Test; Milking Manoeuvre; Valgus Stress Test; 4.4.1.3 Cubital Tunnel Syndrome; Elbow Flexion Test; Shoulder Internal Rotation Test; Scratch Collapse Test; Subluxating Medial Triceps and Ulnar Nerve Instability; 4.4.2 Lateral Symptoms; 4.4.2.1 Lateral Epicondylitis; Cozen Test; Chair Test; Maudsley Test; 4.4.2.2 Posterolateral Rotatory Instability; Lateral Pivot Shift Test; Posterolateral Rotatory Drawer Test; Stand-Up Test; Push-Up Test; Table Top Relocation Test; 4.4.2.3 Anterolateral and Posterolateral Plica

Flexion-Pronation TestExtension Supination Test; 4.4.3 Anterior Symptoms; 4.4.3.1 Distal Biceps Tendon Pathology; Hook Test; Lag Sign; Squeeze Test; Passive Forearm Pronation Test; Biceps Crease Interval Test; Bicipital Aponeurosis Flex Test; 4.4.4 Posterior Symptoms; 4.4.4.1 Posterior Impingement; 4.4.4.2 Triceps Tendon Rupture; 4.5 Scores; 4.5.1 Physician-Administered Scores; 4.5.1.1 Mayo Elbow Performance Index (MEPI); 4.5.1.2 American Shoulder and Elbow Surgeons-­Elbow (ASES-E); Liverpool Elbow Score (LES); 4.5.2 Patient-Administered Scores; 4.5.2.1 Oxford Elbow Score (OES)