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Intro; Foreword; Preface; Contents; Contributors; 1 Introduction; Abstract; Reference; Exogenous Radionanomedicine; 2 Exogenous Radionanomedicine: Inorganic Nanomaterials; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Magnetic Nanoparticles; 2.3 Gold Nanoparticles; 2.4 Quantum Dots; 2.5 Silica Nanoparticles; 2.6 Other Nanomaterials; 2.6.1 Carbon Nanotubes; 2.6.2 Upconversion Nanoparticles; 2.6.3 Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles; 2.6.4 Others; 2.7 Conclusion and Future Perspectives; Acknowledgements; References; 3 Porphyrin and Phthalocyanine Radiolabeling; Abstract; 3.1 Introduction
3.1.1 Background on Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines3.1.2 Radionuclides for Labeling Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines; 3.2 Coordination Chemistry of Metalloporphyrins and Metallophthalocyanines; 3.3 Porphyrin Radiolabeling; 3.3.1 Cobalt-57; 3.3.2 Copper-64 for Porphyrin and Porphysome; 3.3.3 Gallium-67 and 68; 3.3.4 Technetium-99m; 3.3.5 Paladium-109; 3.3.6 Indium-111; 3.3.7 Neodymium-140; 3.3.8 Holmium-166; 3.3.9 Lutetium-177; 3.3.10 Rhenium-186 and 188; 3.4 Phthalocyanine Radiolabeling; 3.4.1 Copper-64; 3.4.2 Zinc-65; 3.4.3 Gallium-67; 3.4.4 Technetium-99m; 3.5 Conclusion; References
4 Graphene-Based NanomaterialsAbstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Preparation of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications; 4.2.1 Enhancing the Dispersibility and Stability Under Physiological Conditions; 4.2.2 Graphene as Nanocarriers; 4.2.3 Reduction of GOs to Make rGO; 4.2.4 Photoluminescent Nano-GOs(Nano-GOs) and GQDs; 4.3 Toxicity of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials; 4.3.1 In Vitro Toxicity; 4.3.2 In Vivo Toxicity; 4.3.3 Biodegradation; 4.4 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications; 4.4.1 Therapeutic Applications; 4.4.2 Fluorescence Sensing and Imaging
4.5 Recent Applications of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Magnetic Resonance Imaging4.5.1 Paramagnetic Ions Coordinated Graphene; 4.5.2 Paramagnetic Nanoparticles-Decorated Graphene; 4.5.3 Graphene-Based Multifunctional MRI Contrast Agents; 4.6 In Vivo Radionuclide Imaging of Radiolabeled Graphene(Radio-Graphene); References; 5 Organic Nanomaterials: Liposomes, Albumin, Dendrimer, Polymeric Nanoparticles; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Liposomes; 5.3 Albumin; 5.4 Dendrimers; 5.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles; References; Endogenous Radionanomedicine
6 Endogenous Radionanomedicine: Extracellular VesiclesAbstract; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Classification and Biogenesis of EVs; 6.3 Biological Function of EVs; 6.4 Biomedical Application of EVs; 6.5 Perspectives and Conclusion; References; 7 Endogenous Radionanomedicine: Radiolabeling; Abstract; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Facilitating Clinical Use of EVs: Radionuclide Imaging of EVs; 7.3 Radiolabeling Methods for Extracellular Vesicles; 7.3.1 Radiolabeling Using Streptavidin; 7.3.2 99mTc Radiolabeled EVs; 7.3.3 Multifunctional Radionuclide Labeling Methods Using Click Chemistry; 7.4 Conclusion
3.1.1 Background on Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines3.1.2 Radionuclides for Labeling Porphyrins and Phthalocyanines; 3.2 Coordination Chemistry of Metalloporphyrins and Metallophthalocyanines; 3.3 Porphyrin Radiolabeling; 3.3.1 Cobalt-57; 3.3.2 Copper-64 for Porphyrin and Porphysome; 3.3.3 Gallium-67 and 68; 3.3.4 Technetium-99m; 3.3.5 Paladium-109; 3.3.6 Indium-111; 3.3.7 Neodymium-140; 3.3.8 Holmium-166; 3.3.9 Lutetium-177; 3.3.10 Rhenium-186 and 188; 3.4 Phthalocyanine Radiolabeling; 3.4.1 Copper-64; 3.4.2 Zinc-65; 3.4.3 Gallium-67; 3.4.4 Technetium-99m; 3.5 Conclusion; References
4 Graphene-Based NanomaterialsAbstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Preparation of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications; 4.2.1 Enhancing the Dispersibility and Stability Under Physiological Conditions; 4.2.2 Graphene as Nanocarriers; 4.2.3 Reduction of GOs to Make rGO; 4.2.4 Photoluminescent Nano-GOs(Nano-GOs) and GQDs; 4.3 Toxicity of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials; 4.3.1 In Vitro Toxicity; 4.3.2 In Vivo Toxicity; 4.3.3 Biodegradation; 4.4 Graphene-Based Nanomaterials for Biomedical Applications; 4.4.1 Therapeutic Applications; 4.4.2 Fluorescence Sensing and Imaging
4.5 Recent Applications of Graphene-Based Nanomaterials in Magnetic Resonance Imaging4.5.1 Paramagnetic Ions Coordinated Graphene; 4.5.2 Paramagnetic Nanoparticles-Decorated Graphene; 4.5.3 Graphene-Based Multifunctional MRI Contrast Agents; 4.6 In Vivo Radionuclide Imaging of Radiolabeled Graphene(Radio-Graphene); References; 5 Organic Nanomaterials: Liposomes, Albumin, Dendrimer, Polymeric Nanoparticles; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Liposomes; 5.3 Albumin; 5.4 Dendrimers; 5.5 Polymeric Nanoparticles; References; Endogenous Radionanomedicine
6 Endogenous Radionanomedicine: Extracellular VesiclesAbstract; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Classification and Biogenesis of EVs; 6.3 Biological Function of EVs; 6.4 Biomedical Application of EVs; 6.5 Perspectives and Conclusion; References; 7 Endogenous Radionanomedicine: Radiolabeling; Abstract; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Facilitating Clinical Use of EVs: Radionuclide Imaging of EVs; 7.3 Radiolabeling Methods for Extracellular Vesicles; 7.3.1 Radiolabeling Using Streptavidin; 7.3.2 99mTc Radiolabeled EVs; 7.3.3 Multifunctional Radionuclide Labeling Methods Using Click Chemistry; 7.4 Conclusion