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Table of Contents
Intro; Preface; Contents; 1 History and Structure of Carbon Fibers; Abstract; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Origin and History of Carbon Fibers; 1.3 Definition of Carbon Fibers; 1.4 Classification of Carbon Fibers; 1.4.1 Performance; 1.4.2 Precursor; 1.4.3 Commercial Availability; 1.5 Structure of Carbon Fibers; 1.6 State of Carbon Fiber Industry; 1.6.1 Technology Development Trends; 1.6.2 Utility Development Trends; 1.6.3 Market Trends; 1.7 Summary; References; 2 Precursors and Manufacturing of Carbon Fibers; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Acrylic Precursors; 2.2.1 PAN Precursors
2.2.2 Polymerization Methods for Production of PAN-Based Precursors2.2.3 Manufacture of Carbon Fibers from PAN-Based Precursors; 2.2.4 Types of Polyacrylonitrile-Based Carbon Fibers; 2.3 Cellulosic Precursors; 2.3.1 Cellulosic Precursors; 2.3.2 Rayon Precursor for Production of Cellulose-Based Carbon Fibers; 2.3.3 Manufacture of Carbon Fibers from Cellulosic Precursors; 2.4 Pitch Precursors; 2.4.1 Petroleum Pitch Precursors; 2.4.2 Coal-Tar Pitch Precursors; 2.4.3 Preparation Methods of Pitch-Based Precursors; 2.4.4 Manufacture of Carbon Fibers from Pitch-Based Precursors
2.5 Other Forms of Precursors2.6 Summary; References; 3 Matrices for Carbon Fiber Composites; Abstract; 3.1 Thermosetting Resins; 3.1.1 Introduction; 3.1.2 Cyanate Ester Resins; 3.1.3 Epoxy Resins; 3.1.3.1 Bisphenol-A/F Epoxy Resins; 3.1.3.2 Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Resins; 3.1.3.3 Trifunctional Epoxy Resins; 3.1.3.4 Tetrafunctional Epoxy Resins; 3.1.3.5 Novolac Resins; 3.1.3.6 Novolac Epoxy Resins; 3.1.3.7 Epoxy Diluents; 3.1.3.8 Epoxy Curing Agents; 3.1.3.9 Curing Process; 3.1.3.10 Curing Mechanism; 3.1.4 Phenolic Resins; 3.1.4.1 Resol Resins; 3.1.4.2 Novolac Resins; 3.1.5 Polyester Resins
3.1.6 Polyimide Resins3.1.7 Vinyl Ester Resins; 3.2 Thermoplastic Resins; 3.2.1 Introduction; 3.2.2 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Resins; 3.2.3 Polyamide Resins; 3.2.4 Polycarbonate Resins; 3.2.5 Polyetheretherketone Resins; 3.2.6 Polyetherimide Resins; 3.2.7 Polyethersulfone Resins; 3.2.8 Polyethylene Resins; 3.2.9 Polyphenylene Sulfide Resins; 3.2.10 Polypropylene Resins; References; 4 Surface Treatment and Sizing of Carbon Fibers; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Oxidation of Carbon Fibers; 4.2.1 Gaseous Oxidants; 4.2.2 Acid Oxidation; 4.2.3 Electrochemical Oxidation
4.2.4 Treatment with Nonoxidative Agents4.3 Plasma Treatment; 4.4 Other Surface Modification Methods; 4.4.1 Radiation; 4.4.2 Fluorination; 4.4.3 Polymer Coating; 4.4.4 Grafting with Inorganic Materials; 4.5 Sizing; References; 5 Testing of Carbon Fibers and Their Composites; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Evaluation of Carbon Fibers; 5.2.1 Introduction; 5.2.2 Elemental Analysis; 5.2.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy; 5.2.4 X-Ray Diffraction; 5.2.5 Raman Spectroscopy; 5.2.6 Auger Electron Spectroscopy; 5.2.7 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM); 5.2.8 Atomic Force Microscopy; 5.2.9 Titration
2.2.2 Polymerization Methods for Production of PAN-Based Precursors2.2.3 Manufacture of Carbon Fibers from PAN-Based Precursors; 2.2.4 Types of Polyacrylonitrile-Based Carbon Fibers; 2.3 Cellulosic Precursors; 2.3.1 Cellulosic Precursors; 2.3.2 Rayon Precursor for Production of Cellulose-Based Carbon Fibers; 2.3.3 Manufacture of Carbon Fibers from Cellulosic Precursors; 2.4 Pitch Precursors; 2.4.1 Petroleum Pitch Precursors; 2.4.2 Coal-Tar Pitch Precursors; 2.4.3 Preparation Methods of Pitch-Based Precursors; 2.4.4 Manufacture of Carbon Fibers from Pitch-Based Precursors
2.5 Other Forms of Precursors2.6 Summary; References; 3 Matrices for Carbon Fiber Composites; Abstract; 3.1 Thermosetting Resins; 3.1.1 Introduction; 3.1.2 Cyanate Ester Resins; 3.1.3 Epoxy Resins; 3.1.3.1 Bisphenol-A/F Epoxy Resins; 3.1.3.2 Cycloaliphatic Epoxy Resins; 3.1.3.3 Trifunctional Epoxy Resins; 3.1.3.4 Tetrafunctional Epoxy Resins; 3.1.3.5 Novolac Resins; 3.1.3.6 Novolac Epoxy Resins; 3.1.3.7 Epoxy Diluents; 3.1.3.8 Epoxy Curing Agents; 3.1.3.9 Curing Process; 3.1.3.10 Curing Mechanism; 3.1.4 Phenolic Resins; 3.1.4.1 Resol Resins; 3.1.4.2 Novolac Resins; 3.1.5 Polyester Resins
3.1.6 Polyimide Resins3.1.7 Vinyl Ester Resins; 3.2 Thermoplastic Resins; 3.2.1 Introduction; 3.2.2 Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene Resins; 3.2.3 Polyamide Resins; 3.2.4 Polycarbonate Resins; 3.2.5 Polyetheretherketone Resins; 3.2.6 Polyetherimide Resins; 3.2.7 Polyethersulfone Resins; 3.2.8 Polyethylene Resins; 3.2.9 Polyphenylene Sulfide Resins; 3.2.10 Polypropylene Resins; References; 4 Surface Treatment and Sizing of Carbon Fibers; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Oxidation of Carbon Fibers; 4.2.1 Gaseous Oxidants; 4.2.2 Acid Oxidation; 4.2.3 Electrochemical Oxidation
4.2.4 Treatment with Nonoxidative Agents4.3 Plasma Treatment; 4.4 Other Surface Modification Methods; 4.4.1 Radiation; 4.4.2 Fluorination; 4.4.3 Polymer Coating; 4.4.4 Grafting with Inorganic Materials; 4.5 Sizing; References; 5 Testing of Carbon Fibers and Their Composites; Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Evaluation of Carbon Fibers; 5.2.1 Introduction; 5.2.2 Elemental Analysis; 5.2.3 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy; 5.2.4 X-Ray Diffraction; 5.2.5 Raman Spectroscopy; 5.2.6 Auger Electron Spectroscopy; 5.2.7 Scanning Tunneling Microscopy (STM); 5.2.8 Atomic Force Microscopy; 5.2.9 Titration