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Intro; Contents; Introduction; 1 Biomass as a Source of Energy; 1.1 Biomass Definition; 1.2 Biomass Classification; 1.3 Biomass Chemical Elements and Compositions; 1.4 Ash from Biomass; 1.4.1 Ash Chemistry; 1.4.2 Ash Fusion Temperature (Melting Behavior); 1.5 Biomass Application as a Source of Energy; 1.5.1 Direct Application; 1.5.1.1 Direct Combustion; Space Heating Application; Fuel Storage; Fuel Delivery; Combustor; Heat Exchanger; Ash Bin; Stack; Emission Control System; Electricity Production; 1.5.1.2 Co-firing; 1.5.1.3 Combined Heat and Power (CHP); 1.6 Summary; References
2 Biomass Densification2.1 Problems Associated with Direct Application of Biomass; 2.2 Biomass Conversion to Biofuel; 2.3 Densification Process; 2.3.1 Mechanical Densification; 2.3.2 Thermochemical Densification; 2.4 Mechanical Densification (Agglomeration) Mechanism; 2.5 Agglomeration Technique; 2.5.1 Tumble Agglomeration; 2.5.1.1 Tumble Agglomerator Equipment; 2.5.2 Pressure Agglomeration; 2.5.2.1 Pressure Agglomeration Equipment; References; 3 Wood Pellet; 3.1 What Is Pelleting?; 3.2 Pellet Structure; 3.3 Raw Material for Pellet Production; 3.4 Wood as Raw Material for Pellet Production
3.4.1 Primary Sources3.4.2 Secondary Sources; 3.5 Chemical Composition of Wood; 3.5.1 Cellulose; 3.5.2 Hemicellulose; 3.5.3 Lignin; 3.5.4 Pectin; 3.5.5 Solvent Extractives; 3.6 Physical Properties of Wood; 3.6.1 Ash Content; 3.6.2 Moisture Content; 3.7 Wood Pellet History; 3.8 Softwood Pellet and Hardwood Pellet; 3.8.1 Softwood; 3.8.2 Hardwood; 3.9 Pellet Advantages and Disadvantages; References; 4 Wood Pellet Production Process; 4.1 Pelleting Plant; 4.1.1 Raw Material Delivery; 4.1.2 Screening Contaminants of Raw Material; 4.1.3 Drying of Raw Material; 4.1.3.1 Rotary Drum Dryer
4.1.3.2 Belt Dryer4.1.3.3 Flash Dryer; 4.1.4 Grinding of Particle Size of Raw; 4.1.4.1 Hammer Mill; 4.1.4.2 Roller Mill; 4.1.5 Conditioning; 4.1.6 Pellet Mill; 4.1.7 Cooling of Pellets; 4.1.7.1 Cooler Type; 4.1.8 Dust Collector; 4.1.9 Screening of Fine Particles; 4.1.10 Storage of Pellet; 4.1.10.1 Bulk Storage; 4.1.10.2 Bagging Process; 4.1.10.3 Pellet Storage Caution; 4.1.11 Pellet Delivery; 4.2 Storage Apparatus; 4.3 Storage Chamber Installation Room; 4.4 Room Storage Features; 4.5 Tank to Combustion Chamber Delivery System; 4.5.1 Auger Collector or Screw Feeder for Storage Chambers
4.5.2 Air Conveying SystemReferences; 5 Pellet Production Variables; 5.1 Feedstock Variables; 5.1.1 Availability (Wood Pellet and Biomass Pellet); 5.1.2 Moisture Content; 5.1.3 Ash Content; 5.1.4 Particle Size, Shape, and Distribution; 5.1.5 Chemical Composition (Cellulose, Hemicelluloses, and Lignin); 5.1.6 Feed Formulation; 5.2 Process Variables; 5.2.1 Temperature; 5.2.2 Pressure; 5.2.3 Retention and Relaxation Time; 5.2.4 Pellet Die Material and Specifications; 5.2.5 The Forces in Pellet Mill; 5.2.6 Conditioning; 5.2.6.1 Steam Temperature and Pressure; 5.2.6.2 Retention Time; 5.2.7 Cooling
2 Biomass Densification2.1 Problems Associated with Direct Application of Biomass; 2.2 Biomass Conversion to Biofuel; 2.3 Densification Process; 2.3.1 Mechanical Densification; 2.3.2 Thermochemical Densification; 2.4 Mechanical Densification (Agglomeration) Mechanism; 2.5 Agglomeration Technique; 2.5.1 Tumble Agglomeration; 2.5.1.1 Tumble Agglomerator Equipment; 2.5.2 Pressure Agglomeration; 2.5.2.1 Pressure Agglomeration Equipment; References; 3 Wood Pellet; 3.1 What Is Pelleting?; 3.2 Pellet Structure; 3.3 Raw Material for Pellet Production; 3.4 Wood as Raw Material for Pellet Production
3.4.1 Primary Sources3.4.2 Secondary Sources; 3.5 Chemical Composition of Wood; 3.5.1 Cellulose; 3.5.2 Hemicellulose; 3.5.3 Lignin; 3.5.4 Pectin; 3.5.5 Solvent Extractives; 3.6 Physical Properties of Wood; 3.6.1 Ash Content; 3.6.2 Moisture Content; 3.7 Wood Pellet History; 3.8 Softwood Pellet and Hardwood Pellet; 3.8.1 Softwood; 3.8.2 Hardwood; 3.9 Pellet Advantages and Disadvantages; References; 4 Wood Pellet Production Process; 4.1 Pelleting Plant; 4.1.1 Raw Material Delivery; 4.1.2 Screening Contaminants of Raw Material; 4.1.3 Drying of Raw Material; 4.1.3.1 Rotary Drum Dryer
4.1.3.2 Belt Dryer4.1.3.3 Flash Dryer; 4.1.4 Grinding of Particle Size of Raw; 4.1.4.1 Hammer Mill; 4.1.4.2 Roller Mill; 4.1.5 Conditioning; 4.1.6 Pellet Mill; 4.1.7 Cooling of Pellets; 4.1.7.1 Cooler Type; 4.1.8 Dust Collector; 4.1.9 Screening of Fine Particles; 4.1.10 Storage of Pellet; 4.1.10.1 Bulk Storage; 4.1.10.2 Bagging Process; 4.1.10.3 Pellet Storage Caution; 4.1.11 Pellet Delivery; 4.2 Storage Apparatus; 4.3 Storage Chamber Installation Room; 4.4 Room Storage Features; 4.5 Tank to Combustion Chamber Delivery System; 4.5.1 Auger Collector or Screw Feeder for Storage Chambers
4.5.2 Air Conveying SystemReferences; 5 Pellet Production Variables; 5.1 Feedstock Variables; 5.1.1 Availability (Wood Pellet and Biomass Pellet); 5.1.2 Moisture Content; 5.1.3 Ash Content; 5.1.4 Particle Size, Shape, and Distribution; 5.1.5 Chemical Composition (Cellulose, Hemicelluloses, and Lignin); 5.1.6 Feed Formulation; 5.2 Process Variables; 5.2.1 Temperature; 5.2.2 Pressure; 5.2.3 Retention and Relaxation Time; 5.2.4 Pellet Die Material and Specifications; 5.2.5 The Forces in Pellet Mill; 5.2.6 Conditioning; 5.2.6.1 Steam Temperature and Pressure; 5.2.6.2 Retention Time; 5.2.7 Cooling