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Table of Contents
List of symbols
1. Engineering units and pressure in static fluids
1.1 Origins of engineering units
1.2 Concept of pressure
1.3 Measurement of pressure
1.4 Pressure in incompressible fluids
1.5 Buoyancy
1.6 Summary
Problems
2. Momentum transport and laminar flow of Newtonian fluids
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Newton's lax of viscosity
2.3 Conservation of momentum in steady-state flow
2.4 Fluid flow between two flat parallel plates
2.5 Fluid flow down in inclined plane
2.6 Fluid flow in a vertical cylindrical tube
2.7 Capillary flowmeter
2.8 Fluid flow in an annulus
2.9 Mean residence time
2.10 Calculation of viscosity from the kinetic theory of gases
2.11 Viscosities of liquid metals
2.12 Summary
Problems
3. Equations of continuity and conservation of momentum and fluid flow past submerged objects
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Equation of continuity
3.3 Conservation of momentum
3.4 Navier-Stokes equation for fluids of constant density and viscosity
3.5 Fluid flow over a horizontal flat plane
3.6 Approximate integral method in obtaining boundary layer thickness
3.7 Creeping flow past a sphere
3.8 Summary
Problems
4. Turbulent flow
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Graphical representation of fluid flow
4.3 Friction factor and turbulent flow in cylindrical pipes
4.4 Flow over a flat plate
4.5 Flow past a submerged sphere
4.6 Flow past a submerged cylinder
4.7 Flow through packed beds
4.8 Fluidized beds
4.9 Summary
Problems
5. Mechanical energy balance and its application to fluid flow
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bernoulli's equation
5.3 Friction loss, Ef
5.4 Influence of bends, fittings, and changes in the pipe radius
5.5 Concept of head
5.6 Fluid flow in an open channel
5.7 Drainage from a vessel
5.8 Emptying a vessel by discharge through an orifice
5.9 Drainage of a vessel using a drainage tube
5.10 Emptying a vessel by drainage through a drainage tube
5.11 Bernoulli equation for flow of compressible fluids
5.12 Pilot tube
5.13 Orifice plate
5.14 Summary
Problems
6. Transport of heat by conduction
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fourier's law and Newton's law
6.3 Conduction
6.4 Conduction in heat sources
6.5 Thermal conductivity and the kinetic theory of gases
6.6 General heat conduction equation
6.7 Conduction of heat at steady state in two dimensions
6.8 Summary
Problems
7. Transport of heat by convection
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Heat transfer by forced convection from a horizontal flat plate at a uniform constant temperature
7.3 Heat transfer from a horizontal flat plate with uniform heat flux along the plate
7.4 Heat transfer during fluid flow in cylindrical pipes
7.5 Energy balance in heat transfer by convection between a cylindrical pipe and a flowing fluid
7.6 Heat transfer by forced convection from horizontal cylinders
7.7 Heat transfer by forced convection from a sphere
7.8 General energy equation
7.9 Heat transfer from a vertical plate by natural convection
7.10 Heat transfer from cylinders by natural convection
7.11 Summary
Problems
8. Transient heat flow
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Lumped capacitance method; Newtonian cooling
8.3 Non-Newtonian cooling in semi-infinite systems
8.4 Non-Newtonian cooling in a one-dimensional finite systems
8.5 Non-Newtonian cooling in a two-dimensional finite systems
8.6 Solidification of metal castings
8.7 Summary
Problems
9. Heat transport by thermal radiation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Intensity and emissive power
9.3 Blackbody radiation
9.4 Emissivity
9.5 Absorptivity, reflectivity, and transmissivity
9.6 Kirchhoff's law and the Hohlraum
9.7 Radiation exchange between surfaces
9.8 Radiation exchange between blackbodies
9.9 Radiation exchange between diffuse-gray surfaces
9.10 Electric analogy
9.11 Radiation shields
9.12 Reradiating surface
9.13 Heat transfer from a surface by convection and radiation
9.14 Summary
Problems
10. Mass transport by diffusion in the solid state
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Atomic diffusion as a random-walk process
10.3 Fick 's first law of diffusion
10.4 One-dimensional non-steady-state diffusion in a solid; Fick's second law of diffusion
10.5 Infinite diffusion couple
10.6 One-dimensional diffusion in a semi-infinite system involving a change of phase
10.7 Steady-state diffusion through a composite wall
10.8 Diffusion in substitutional solid solutions
10.9 Darken's analysis
10.10 Self-diffusion coefficient
10.11 Measurement of the interdifussion coefficient: Boltzmann-Matano analysis
10.12 Influence of temperature on the diffusion coefficient
10.13 Summary
Problems
11. Mass transport in fluids
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Mass and molar fluxes in a fluid
11.3 Equations of diffusion with convection in a binary mixture A-B
11.4 One-dimensional transport in a binary mixture of ideal gases
11.5 Equimolar counterdiffusion
11.6 One-dimensional steady-state diffusion of gas A through stationary gas B
11.7 Sublimation of a sphere into a stationary gas
11.8 Film model
11.9 Catalytic surface reactions
11.10 Diffusion and chemical reaction in stagnant film
11.11 Mass transfer at large fluxes and large concentrations
11.12 Influence of mass transport on heat transfer in stagnant film
11.13 Diffusion into a falling film of liquid
11.14 Diffusion and the kinetic theory of gases
11.15 Mass transfer coefficient and concentration boundary layer on a flat plate
11.16 Approximate integral method
11.17 Mass transfer by free convection
11.18 Simultaneous heat and mass transfer: evaporate cooling
11.19 Chemical reaction and mass transfer: mixed control
11.20 Dissolution of pure metal A in liquid B: mixed control
11.21 Summary
Problems
12. Condensation and boiling
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Dimensionless parameters in boiling and condensation
12.3 Modes of boiling
12.4 Pool boiling correlations
12.5 Summary
Problems
Appendix A. Elementary and derived SI units and symbols
Appendix B. Prefixes and symbols for multiples and submultiples of SI units
Appendix C. Conversion from British and U.S. units to SI units
Appendix D. Properties of solid metals
Appendix E. Properties of nonmetallic solids
Appendix F. Properties of gases at 1 Atm pressure
Appendix G. Properties of saturated liquids
Appendix H. Properties of liquid metals
Recommended readings
Answers to problems
Index.
1. Engineering units and pressure in static fluids
1.1 Origins of engineering units
1.2 Concept of pressure
1.3 Measurement of pressure
1.4 Pressure in incompressible fluids
1.5 Buoyancy
1.6 Summary
Problems
2. Momentum transport and laminar flow of Newtonian fluids
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Newton's lax of viscosity
2.3 Conservation of momentum in steady-state flow
2.4 Fluid flow between two flat parallel plates
2.5 Fluid flow down in inclined plane
2.6 Fluid flow in a vertical cylindrical tube
2.7 Capillary flowmeter
2.8 Fluid flow in an annulus
2.9 Mean residence time
2.10 Calculation of viscosity from the kinetic theory of gases
2.11 Viscosities of liquid metals
2.12 Summary
Problems
3. Equations of continuity and conservation of momentum and fluid flow past submerged objects
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Equation of continuity
3.3 Conservation of momentum
3.4 Navier-Stokes equation for fluids of constant density and viscosity
3.5 Fluid flow over a horizontal flat plane
3.6 Approximate integral method in obtaining boundary layer thickness
3.7 Creeping flow past a sphere
3.8 Summary
Problems
4. Turbulent flow
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Graphical representation of fluid flow
4.3 Friction factor and turbulent flow in cylindrical pipes
4.4 Flow over a flat plate
4.5 Flow past a submerged sphere
4.6 Flow past a submerged cylinder
4.7 Flow through packed beds
4.8 Fluidized beds
4.9 Summary
Problems
5. Mechanical energy balance and its application to fluid flow
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Bernoulli's equation
5.3 Friction loss, Ef
5.4 Influence of bends, fittings, and changes in the pipe radius
5.5 Concept of head
5.6 Fluid flow in an open channel
5.7 Drainage from a vessel
5.8 Emptying a vessel by discharge through an orifice
5.9 Drainage of a vessel using a drainage tube
5.10 Emptying a vessel by drainage through a drainage tube
5.11 Bernoulli equation for flow of compressible fluids
5.12 Pilot tube
5.13 Orifice plate
5.14 Summary
Problems
6. Transport of heat by conduction
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Fourier's law and Newton's law
6.3 Conduction
6.4 Conduction in heat sources
6.5 Thermal conductivity and the kinetic theory of gases
6.6 General heat conduction equation
6.7 Conduction of heat at steady state in two dimensions
6.8 Summary
Problems
7. Transport of heat by convection
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Heat transfer by forced convection from a horizontal flat plate at a uniform constant temperature
7.3 Heat transfer from a horizontal flat plate with uniform heat flux along the plate
7.4 Heat transfer during fluid flow in cylindrical pipes
7.5 Energy balance in heat transfer by convection between a cylindrical pipe and a flowing fluid
7.6 Heat transfer by forced convection from horizontal cylinders
7.7 Heat transfer by forced convection from a sphere
7.8 General energy equation
7.9 Heat transfer from a vertical plate by natural convection
7.10 Heat transfer from cylinders by natural convection
7.11 Summary
Problems
8. Transient heat flow
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Lumped capacitance method; Newtonian cooling
8.3 Non-Newtonian cooling in semi-infinite systems
8.4 Non-Newtonian cooling in a one-dimensional finite systems
8.5 Non-Newtonian cooling in a two-dimensional finite systems
8.6 Solidification of metal castings
8.7 Summary
Problems
9. Heat transport by thermal radiation
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Intensity and emissive power
9.3 Blackbody radiation
9.4 Emissivity
9.5 Absorptivity, reflectivity, and transmissivity
9.6 Kirchhoff's law and the Hohlraum
9.7 Radiation exchange between surfaces
9.8 Radiation exchange between blackbodies
9.9 Radiation exchange between diffuse-gray surfaces
9.10 Electric analogy
9.11 Radiation shields
9.12 Reradiating surface
9.13 Heat transfer from a surface by convection and radiation
9.14 Summary
Problems
10. Mass transport by diffusion in the solid state
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Atomic diffusion as a random-walk process
10.3 Fick 's first law of diffusion
10.4 One-dimensional non-steady-state diffusion in a solid; Fick's second law of diffusion
10.5 Infinite diffusion couple
10.6 One-dimensional diffusion in a semi-infinite system involving a change of phase
10.7 Steady-state diffusion through a composite wall
10.8 Diffusion in substitutional solid solutions
10.9 Darken's analysis
10.10 Self-diffusion coefficient
10.11 Measurement of the interdifussion coefficient: Boltzmann-Matano analysis
10.12 Influence of temperature on the diffusion coefficient
10.13 Summary
Problems
11. Mass transport in fluids
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Mass and molar fluxes in a fluid
11.3 Equations of diffusion with convection in a binary mixture A-B
11.4 One-dimensional transport in a binary mixture of ideal gases
11.5 Equimolar counterdiffusion
11.6 One-dimensional steady-state diffusion of gas A through stationary gas B
11.7 Sublimation of a sphere into a stationary gas
11.8 Film model
11.9 Catalytic surface reactions
11.10 Diffusion and chemical reaction in stagnant film
11.11 Mass transfer at large fluxes and large concentrations
11.12 Influence of mass transport on heat transfer in stagnant film
11.13 Diffusion into a falling film of liquid
11.14 Diffusion and the kinetic theory of gases
11.15 Mass transfer coefficient and concentration boundary layer on a flat plate
11.16 Approximate integral method
11.17 Mass transfer by free convection
11.18 Simultaneous heat and mass transfer: evaporate cooling
11.19 Chemical reaction and mass transfer: mixed control
11.20 Dissolution of pure metal A in liquid B: mixed control
11.21 Summary
Problems
12. Condensation and boiling
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Dimensionless parameters in boiling and condensation
12.3 Modes of boiling
12.4 Pool boiling correlations
12.5 Summary
Problems
Appendix A. Elementary and derived SI units and symbols
Appendix B. Prefixes and symbols for multiples and submultiples of SI units
Appendix C. Conversion from British and U.S. units to SI units
Appendix D. Properties of solid metals
Appendix E. Properties of nonmetallic solids
Appendix F. Properties of gases at 1 Atm pressure
Appendix G. Properties of saturated liquids
Appendix H. Properties of liquid metals
Recommended readings
Answers to problems
Index.