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Intro; Contents; Contributors; About the Author; Chapter 1: Towards Plant-Beneficiary Rhizobacteria and Agricultural Sustainability; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 What Is Rhizosphere?; 1.3 What Is the Rhizospheric Effect?; 1.4 PBR; 1.5 Mechanisms and Mode of Action of PBR; 1.5.1 Direct Mechanism; 1.5.1.1 PBR as Biofertiliser; 1.5.1.2 BNF; 1.5.1.2.1 Symbiotic N Fixation by Rhizobium-Legume Plant; 1.5.1.2.1.1 Symbiotic N Fixation by Non-legume Plant; 1.5.1.2.1.2 Anabaena-Azollae Symbiotic Association; 1.5.1.2.1.3 Associative N Fixation; 1.5.1.2.2 Non-symbiotic or Free-Living N-Fixing Bacteria
1.5.1.3 P Bioavailability1.5.1.3.1 P Solubilization; 1.5.1.3.1.1 Mechanism of P Solubilization by PSM; 1.5.1.3.2 P Mineralization; 1.5.1.3.3 P Mobilization; 1.5.1.3.3.1 Mode of Action; 1.5.1.3.4 P-Solubolising Microorganisms; 1.5.1.3.5 Sulphur-Oxidising Microorganisms; 1.5.1.4 Plant-Hormone Production; 1.5.1.5 Siderophore Production to Increase Micronutrient Availability; 1.5.2 Indirect Mechanism; 1.5.2.1 Production of ACC and Maintenance of Ethylene Levels in Plants; 1.5.2.2 ISR; 1.5.2.3 Antibiosis; 1.5.2.4 Enzyme Production; 1.5.2.5 Siderophore Production; 1.5.2.6 Rhizoremediation
1.6 Future Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture1.7 Conclusions; References; Chapter 2: Microbes: A Sustainable Approach for Enhancing Nutrient Availability in Agricultural Soils; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Microbe-Mediated Nutrient Release and Cycling of Nitrogen; 2.3 Microbe-Mediated Phosphorus Solubilization; 2.3.1 Mineralization of Organic P; 2.3.2 Solubilization of Ca-Bound P; 2.3.3 Solubilization of Al-Bound P and Fe-Bound P; 2.4 Microbe-Mediated Potassium Release and Its Solubilization; 2.4.1 Potassium-Solubilizing Microbes and Their Occurrence; 2.4.2 Potassium-Solubilizing Mechanisms
2.4.3 Potential Role of Potassic Biofertilizer2.5 Role of Microorganisms in Mineralization and Immobilization of Sulphur; 2.5.1 Sulphur-Oxidizing Microorganisms (SOMs); 2.5.2 Rhizosphere Sulphur Cycle and Its Utilization; 2.6 Iron Transformation in Soil by Soil Microbes; 2.6.1 Iron Reduction; 2.6.2 Bacterial Siderophores; 2.7 Zinc Transformation; 2.8 Concluding Remarks; References; Chapter 3: Microbial Transformation of Sulphur: An Approach to Combat the Sulphur Deficiencies in Agricultural Soils; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Major Sources of Sulphur in Soil and Its Various Pools
3.3 Functions of Sulphur3.4 Cycling of Sulphur in Soils; 3.5 Sulphur Transformations in Soil; 3.5.1 Mineralization of Soil Sulphur; 3.5.2 Immobilization of Sulphur; 3.5.3 Oxidation of Inorganic Sulphur; 3.5.3.1 Bacteria of Genus Thiobacillus; 3.5.3.2 Green and Purple Sulphur Bacteria; 3.5.3.3 Colourless Filamentous Sulphur Bacteria; 3.5.4 Reduction of Sulphate; 3.6 Enzyme Reactions in Soil Involving Sulphur Compounds; 3.7 Groups of Microorganisms Involved in Sulphur Transformation; 3.7.1 Chemolithoautotrophs; 3.7.2 Chemolithoheterotrophs; 3.7.3 Chemolithomesotrophs
1.5.1.3 P Bioavailability1.5.1.3.1 P Solubilization; 1.5.1.3.1.1 Mechanism of P Solubilization by PSM; 1.5.1.3.2 P Mineralization; 1.5.1.3.3 P Mobilization; 1.5.1.3.3.1 Mode of Action; 1.5.1.3.4 P-Solubolising Microorganisms; 1.5.1.3.5 Sulphur-Oxidising Microorganisms; 1.5.1.4 Plant-Hormone Production; 1.5.1.5 Siderophore Production to Increase Micronutrient Availability; 1.5.2 Indirect Mechanism; 1.5.2.1 Production of ACC and Maintenance of Ethylene Levels in Plants; 1.5.2.2 ISR; 1.5.2.3 Antibiosis; 1.5.2.4 Enzyme Production; 1.5.2.5 Siderophore Production; 1.5.2.6 Rhizoremediation
1.6 Future Strategies for Sustainable Agriculture1.7 Conclusions; References; Chapter 2: Microbes: A Sustainable Approach for Enhancing Nutrient Availability in Agricultural Soils; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Microbe-Mediated Nutrient Release and Cycling of Nitrogen; 2.3 Microbe-Mediated Phosphorus Solubilization; 2.3.1 Mineralization of Organic P; 2.3.2 Solubilization of Ca-Bound P; 2.3.3 Solubilization of Al-Bound P and Fe-Bound P; 2.4 Microbe-Mediated Potassium Release and Its Solubilization; 2.4.1 Potassium-Solubilizing Microbes and Their Occurrence; 2.4.2 Potassium-Solubilizing Mechanisms
2.4.3 Potential Role of Potassic Biofertilizer2.5 Role of Microorganisms in Mineralization and Immobilization of Sulphur; 2.5.1 Sulphur-Oxidizing Microorganisms (SOMs); 2.5.2 Rhizosphere Sulphur Cycle and Its Utilization; 2.6 Iron Transformation in Soil by Soil Microbes; 2.6.1 Iron Reduction; 2.6.2 Bacterial Siderophores; 2.7 Zinc Transformation; 2.8 Concluding Remarks; References; Chapter 3: Microbial Transformation of Sulphur: An Approach to Combat the Sulphur Deficiencies in Agricultural Soils; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Major Sources of Sulphur in Soil and Its Various Pools
3.3 Functions of Sulphur3.4 Cycling of Sulphur in Soils; 3.5 Sulphur Transformations in Soil; 3.5.1 Mineralization of Soil Sulphur; 3.5.2 Immobilization of Sulphur; 3.5.3 Oxidation of Inorganic Sulphur; 3.5.3.1 Bacteria of Genus Thiobacillus; 3.5.3.2 Green and Purple Sulphur Bacteria; 3.5.3.3 Colourless Filamentous Sulphur Bacteria; 3.5.4 Reduction of Sulphate; 3.6 Enzyme Reactions in Soil Involving Sulphur Compounds; 3.7 Groups of Microorganisms Involved in Sulphur Transformation; 3.7.1 Chemolithoautotrophs; 3.7.2 Chemolithoheterotrophs; 3.7.3 Chemolithomesotrophs