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Intro; Preface; Reference; Contents; About the Author; Abbreviations; 1 Copper-A Modern Bioelement; 1.1 Bioavailability of Copper, Iron, Zinc and the Evolution of Species; 1.2 The Irving-Williams Series and the Pearson Hard-Soft Acid-Base Concept; 1.3 Copper Speciation in the Cell and the Laboratory; References; 2 Copper Toxicity; 2.1 Copper Toxicity Through the Formation of Reactive Oxygen Species; 2.2 Copper Toxicity by Iron-Sulfur Cluster Damage; 2.3 Glutathione and Copper Toxicity; 2.4 Copper Toxicity in Contact Killing; References; 3 Copper Homeostasis in Gram-Positive Bacteria
3.1 Extracellular Copper Reduction3.2 Copper Entry into the Cytoplasm; 3.3 Copper Chaperones; 3.4 Copper ATPases; 3.4.1 Copper ATPase Structure; 3.4.2 Evolution of P-Type ATPases; 3.4.3 Copper ATPase Function; 3.5 Copper-Regulated Gene Expression; 3.6 Copper Buffering/Storage; 3.7 Copper Loading of Cuproenzymes; 3.8 Copper Regulons and Accessory Defense Mechanisms; References; 4 Copper Homeostasis in Gram-Negative Bacteria; 4.1 Copper Uptake by Gram-Negative Bacteria; 4.1.1 ATPase-Driven Copper Uptake; 4.1.2 Chalkophore Mediated Copper Uptake by E. coli
4.1.3 Chalkophore Mediated Copper Uptake by Methanotrophs4.1.4 Other Proposed Copper Uptake Systems; 4.2 Copper Chaperones and Synthesis of CopZ in E. coli by Ribosome Slippage; 4.3 Copper ATPases; 4.4 Extracellular/Periplasmic Copper Oxidation or Reduction; 4.4.1 CueO-Catalyzed Copper Oxidation; 4.4.2 Copper Reduction Systems; 4.5 The ComC/ComR Outer Membrane System; 4.6 Copper Transport Across the Outer Membrane; 4.6.1 The E. coli Cus-System and Its Regulation; 4.6.2 The Mycobacterial MctB System; 4.7 Copper Buffering and Storage; 4.7.1 Copper Buffering by Glutathione (GSH)
4.7.2 Copper Buffering by Metallothioneins4.7.3 Copper Tolerance Mediated by Polyphosphate; 4.8 Copper-Loading of Cuproenzymes; 4.8.1 Copper Loading of the CueO Multicopper Oxidase; 4.8.2 Copper Loading of Cu,Zn-Superoxide Dismutase (SOD); 4.8.3 Copper Loading of Cytochrome Oxidase; 4.8.4 Copper Loading of Cuproenzymes in Cyanobacteria; 4.8.5 Metallation of Methane Monooxygenase in Methanotrophs; 4.9 An Fe-Cu Connection; 4.10 Molybdenum Cofactor Synthesis and Copper; References; 5 Conclusions; References; Index
3.1 Extracellular Copper Reduction3.2 Copper Entry into the Cytoplasm; 3.3 Copper Chaperones; 3.4 Copper ATPases; 3.4.1 Copper ATPase Structure; 3.4.2 Evolution of P-Type ATPases; 3.4.3 Copper ATPase Function; 3.5 Copper-Regulated Gene Expression; 3.6 Copper Buffering/Storage; 3.7 Copper Loading of Cuproenzymes; 3.8 Copper Regulons and Accessory Defense Mechanisms; References; 4 Copper Homeostasis in Gram-Negative Bacteria; 4.1 Copper Uptake by Gram-Negative Bacteria; 4.1.1 ATPase-Driven Copper Uptake; 4.1.2 Chalkophore Mediated Copper Uptake by E. coli
4.1.3 Chalkophore Mediated Copper Uptake by Methanotrophs4.1.4 Other Proposed Copper Uptake Systems; 4.2 Copper Chaperones and Synthesis of CopZ in E. coli by Ribosome Slippage; 4.3 Copper ATPases; 4.4 Extracellular/Periplasmic Copper Oxidation or Reduction; 4.4.1 CueO-Catalyzed Copper Oxidation; 4.4.2 Copper Reduction Systems; 4.5 The ComC/ComR Outer Membrane System; 4.6 Copper Transport Across the Outer Membrane; 4.6.1 The E. coli Cus-System and Its Regulation; 4.6.2 The Mycobacterial MctB System; 4.7 Copper Buffering and Storage; 4.7.1 Copper Buffering by Glutathione (GSH)
4.7.2 Copper Buffering by Metallothioneins4.7.3 Copper Tolerance Mediated by Polyphosphate; 4.8 Copper-Loading of Cuproenzymes; 4.8.1 Copper Loading of the CueO Multicopper Oxidase; 4.8.2 Copper Loading of Cu,Zn-Superoxide Dismutase (SOD); 4.8.3 Copper Loading of Cytochrome Oxidase; 4.8.4 Copper Loading of Cuproenzymes in Cyanobacteria; 4.8.5 Metallation of Methane Monooxygenase in Methanotrophs; 4.9 An Fe-Cu Connection; 4.10 Molybdenum Cofactor Synthesis and Copper; References; 5 Conclusions; References; Index