Intro; Foreword; Preface; References; Acknowledgements; Contents; Acronyms; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Main Contributions; 1.2 Document Structure; 2 History of Forensic Science; 2.1 History of Forensic Science; 2.1.1 250 BC: Lie Detector Test; 2.1.2 400s: Determination of Death Causes; 2.1.3 600s: Identity Determination Using Fingerprints; 2.1.4 1248: First Forensic Medicine Textbook; 2.1.5 1348-1350: Black Plague and Autopsies of Victims; 2.1.6 1447: Missing Teeth Used as Identify; 2.1.7 1600: Pathology Reported; 2.1.8 1784: John Toms Convicted Using Physical Evidence

2.1.9 1806 and 1814: Poisoned Deaths Investigation2.1.10 1816: Clothes and Shoes Used as Physical Evidence; 2.1.11 1836: Cause of Death Determined by Chemical Testing; 2.1.12 1843: Forensic Psychiatry Established; 2.1.13 1854-1859: Criminal Identification Based on Photos; 2.1.14 1868-1950: Chemical Microscopy; 2.1.15 1880: Uniqueness of Fingerprints Discovered; 2.1.16 1887: Coroner's Act in the USA; 2.1.17 1888: Anthropometry Developed; 2.1.18 1892: Forensic Dactyloscopy; 2.1.19 1901: Human Blood Grouping; 2.1.20 1901: Fingerprinting Method Used in Scotland

2.1.21 1903: Fingerprint Prisoner ID Used in New York2.1.22 1909: Switzerland Establised the First Forensic Science School; 2.1.23 1910: Hair Usage for Forensics; 2.1.24 1910: Police Crime Forensic Laboratory Developed in France; 2.1.25 1912: Guns Identified to be Unique; 2.1.26 1923: Los Angeles Built a Crime Laboratory; 2.1.27 1930: Police Station Usage of Lie Detector; 2.1.28 1932: Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) Built a Crime Laboratory; 2.1.29 1937: Luminol Developed by Walter Specht; 2.1.30 1877-1966: Locard's Exchange Principle; 2.1.31 1950: Tape Lift Method Developed

2.1.32 1960: Recorded Voice Used as Evidence in the Court of Law2.1.33 1967: FBI Established National Crime System; 2.1.34 1974: Gunshot Residue Detection; 2.1.35 1975 and 1979: FBI Installed Fingerprint Reader and AFIS Used by Royal Canadian Mounted Police; 2.1.36 1983-1986: Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) Fingerprinting and Profiling; 2.1.37 1986: DNA Testing in US; 2.1.38 1987: DNA Profiling Introduced in US; 2.1.39 1996: DNA Certified to be a Reliable Evidence; 2.1.40 1999: FBI Established Faster Fingerprint IDs; 2.1.41 2001: DNA IDs Improved to be Faster

2.1.42 2007: Police Footwear Detection System Developed in Britain2.1.43 2008: Fingerprint Detection After Cleaning of a Particular Surface; 2.1.44 2011: Human-Drawn Sketches and Mugshots; 2.1.45 2011:X-ray Matching System; 2.1.46 2013: Establishment of International Workshop on Biometrics and Forensics (IWBF); 2.1.47 2016: Amelographics for Person Identification Proposed; 2.1.48 2016: Application of Power Laws to Biometrics, Forensics and Network Traffic Analysis; 2.1.49 2017: Identification of Individuals by Trait Prediction; 2.1.50 2017: Technology Improvement for Forensic Purposes