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Table of Contents
Intro; Introduction; Author Biography; Acknowledgements; Units Policy; Contents; List of Figures; List of Tables; 1 Properties of Materials; 1.1 Physical Properties; 1.1.1 Mass Density; 1.1.2 Theoretical Density or X-ray Density of Solids; 1.1.3 Apparent, Bulk, and Tap Densities; 1.1.4 Specific Weight; 1.1.5 Specific Gravity; 1.1.6 Buoyancy and Archimedes' Principle; 1.1.7 Pycnometers for Solids; 1.1.8 Density of Mixtures; 1.2 Mechanical Properties; 1.2.1 Stress and Pressure; 1.2.2 Strain; 1.2.3 Elastic Moduli and Hooke's Law; 1.2.4 The Stress-Strain Curve; 1.2.5 Strain Hardening Exponent
1.2.6 Hardness1.2.7 Resilience and Modulus of Resilience; 1.2.8 Toughness; 1.2.9 Maximum Allowable Stress; 1.2.10 Fracture Toughness; 1.2.11 Brittleness Indices; 1.2.12 Grindability Index; 1.2.13 Abrasion Index; 1.2.14 Flow Properties and Angle of Repose of Particulate Solids; 1.2.15 Creep; 1.2.16 Ductile-Brittle Transition; 1.2.17 Fatigue; 1.2.18 Tribological and Lubricating Properties of Solids; 1.2.19 Ashby's Mechanical Performance Indices; 1.2.20 Order of Magnitude of Mechanical Properties of Solid Materials; 1.3 Acoustical Properties; 1.3.1 Velocity of Sound in Materials
1.3.2 Sound Intensity1.3.3 Attenuation of Sound at a Given Distance from a Source; 1.3.4 Damping Capacity of Solids and Loss Factor; 1.4 Thermal Properties; 1.4.1 Molar and Specific Heat Capacities; 1.4.2 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion; 1.4.3 Volume Expansion on Melting; 1.4.4 Thermal Shock Resistance; 1.4.5 Heat Transfer Processes; 1.4.6 Thermal Conductivity; 1.4.7 Thermal Diffusivity; 1.4.8 Thermal Radiation; 1.4.9 Black Body, and Spectral Emissivity; 1.4.10 Variations of Emissivity; 1.4.11 Monochromatic Emissive Power; 1.4.12 Stefan-Boltzmann Law
1.4.13 Irradiance, Emissive Power, and Kirchhoff's Law1.4.14 Wien's Law; 1.4.15 Solar Irradiance and Solar Constant; 1.4.16 Absolute and Relative Air Mass; 1.4.17 Zenithal Distance, and Inclination; 1.4.18 Solar Spectrum and Spectral Solar Irradiance; 1.4.19 Solar Emissivities and Albedo; 1.4.20 Concentration of Sunlight; 1.4.21 Solar Energy Conversion Processes; 1.4.22 Temperature and Latent Enthalpies of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation; 1.4.23 Newton's Law of Cooling and Newton's Law for the Cooling Rate; 1.4.24 Order of Magnitude of Thermophysical Properties of Materials
1.5 Optical Properties1.5.1 Index of Refraction; 1.5.2 Total Reflection and Critical Angle; 1.5.3 Specific and Molar Refraction; 1.5.4 Molar Refraction of Mixtures; 1.5.5 Refractivity; 1.5.6 Dispersion; 1.5.7 Coefficient of Dispersion; 1.5.8 Abbe Number; 1.5.9 Temperature Dependence of the Refractive Index; 1.5.10 Anisotropic Materials; 1.5.11 Birefringence; 1.5.12 Albedo and Reflective Index; 1.5.13 Calculation of Refractive Index by Double Linear Interpolation; 1.5.14 Circular Dichroism and Biot's Law; 1.5.15 Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum
1.2.6 Hardness1.2.7 Resilience and Modulus of Resilience; 1.2.8 Toughness; 1.2.9 Maximum Allowable Stress; 1.2.10 Fracture Toughness; 1.2.11 Brittleness Indices; 1.2.12 Grindability Index; 1.2.13 Abrasion Index; 1.2.14 Flow Properties and Angle of Repose of Particulate Solids; 1.2.15 Creep; 1.2.16 Ductile-Brittle Transition; 1.2.17 Fatigue; 1.2.18 Tribological and Lubricating Properties of Solids; 1.2.19 Ashby's Mechanical Performance Indices; 1.2.20 Order of Magnitude of Mechanical Properties of Solid Materials; 1.3 Acoustical Properties; 1.3.1 Velocity of Sound in Materials
1.3.2 Sound Intensity1.3.3 Attenuation of Sound at a Given Distance from a Source; 1.3.4 Damping Capacity of Solids and Loss Factor; 1.4 Thermal Properties; 1.4.1 Molar and Specific Heat Capacities; 1.4.2 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion; 1.4.3 Volume Expansion on Melting; 1.4.4 Thermal Shock Resistance; 1.4.5 Heat Transfer Processes; 1.4.6 Thermal Conductivity; 1.4.7 Thermal Diffusivity; 1.4.8 Thermal Radiation; 1.4.9 Black Body, and Spectral Emissivity; 1.4.10 Variations of Emissivity; 1.4.11 Monochromatic Emissive Power; 1.4.12 Stefan-Boltzmann Law
1.4.13 Irradiance, Emissive Power, and Kirchhoff's Law1.4.14 Wien's Law; 1.4.15 Solar Irradiance and Solar Constant; 1.4.16 Absolute and Relative Air Mass; 1.4.17 Zenithal Distance, and Inclination; 1.4.18 Solar Spectrum and Spectral Solar Irradiance; 1.4.19 Solar Emissivities and Albedo; 1.4.20 Concentration of Sunlight; 1.4.21 Solar Energy Conversion Processes; 1.4.22 Temperature and Latent Enthalpies of Fusion, Vaporization, and Sublimation; 1.4.23 Newton's Law of Cooling and Newton's Law for the Cooling Rate; 1.4.24 Order of Magnitude of Thermophysical Properties of Materials
1.5 Optical Properties1.5.1 Index of Refraction; 1.5.2 Total Reflection and Critical Angle; 1.5.3 Specific and Molar Refraction; 1.5.4 Molar Refraction of Mixtures; 1.5.5 Refractivity; 1.5.6 Dispersion; 1.5.7 Coefficient of Dispersion; 1.5.8 Abbe Number; 1.5.9 Temperature Dependence of the Refractive Index; 1.5.10 Anisotropic Materials; 1.5.11 Birefringence; 1.5.12 Albedo and Reflective Index; 1.5.13 Calculation of Refractive Index by Double Linear Interpolation; 1.5.14 Circular Dichroism and Biot's Law; 1.5.15 Electromagnetic Radiation Spectrum