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Table of Contents
Intro; Contents; Contributors; Introduction; Basic Concepts for Legal Reasoning; Reasons (and Reasons in Philosophy of Law); 1 Premise; 2 The Different Classes of Reasons: Normative, Motivating, Explanatory; 2.1 Normative Reasons; 2.2 Motivating Reasons; 2.3 Explanatory Reasons; 3 The Ontology of Reasons; 4 Epistemic and Practical Reasons; 5 The Modality (and Strength) of Reasons; 5.1 Conflict and Weighing Between First-Order Reasons; 5.2 First-Order Reasons and Second-Order (Exclusionary) Reasons; 6 Reasons in (Philosophy of) Law; 7 Concluding Remarks; References; Reasons in Moral Philosophy
1 What Is a Moral Reason?2 Explanatory and Normative Reasons; 3 The Issue of Agential Authority; 4 Subjective and Objective Reasons; 5 Personal and Impersonal Reasons: Integrity and Authenticity; 6 Drawing the Boundaries of the Moral Domain; 7 Moral Reasons and Moral Reasoning; 8 Moral Reasons in Conflict; 9 Moral Reasons and Coordination; 10 Moral Reasons and Compliance; References; Legal Reasoning and Argumentation; 1 Forms of Reasoning by Applying Rules to Cases; 2 Case-Based Reasoning from Analogy; 3 Reasoning and Argument; 4 Reasoning by Drawing Inferences from Sources
5 Defeasible Logic6 Reasoning, Argument, and Proof; 7 Conclusions; References; Norms in Action: A Logical Perspective; 1 Introduction; 2 A Logic for Reasoning About Choices, Actions, and Time; 3 Formalization of Responsibility and Influence; 3.1 Responsibility; 3.2 Influence; 3.3 The Relationship Between Influence and Responsibility; 4 Deontic Extension; 5 Conclusion; References; Of Norms; 1 Terminology and Overview; 2 Normativity; 2.1 Ought-to-Be and Ought-to-Do; 2.2 Influencing and Guiding Behavior; 2.3 Guidance by Norms: The Second-Person Point of View; 2.4 Norms and Facts
3 Rules as Soft Constraints on Possible Worlds3.1 Directions of Fit; 3.2 Possible Worlds; 3.3 Constraints; 3.4 Rules as Soft Constraints; 4 Kinds of Facts; 4.1 Objective Facts; 4.2 Brute Social Facts; 4.3 Social Rules; 4.4 Rule-Based Facts; 4.5 Creation and Derogation; 4.6 Factual and Descriptive Counterparts of Rules; 4.7 Norm-Propositions; 4.8 "Entailed" Norms; 5 Deontic Facts; 5.1 Deontic Facts and Motivation; 5.2 Duties and Obligations; 5.3 Being Obligated and Owing to Do Something; 5.4 Permissions; 5.5 The Anatomy of Ought-to-Do; 6 Of Norms and Other Rules
6.1 Rules as Individuals in the Logical Sense6.2 Dynamic Rules; 6.3 Fact-to-Fact Rules; 6.4 Counts-as Rules; 6.5 Norms; 6.6 Competence-, Power-, and Other Status-Conferring Rules; 7 Summary; References; Values; 1 Euthyphro Dilemma and Other Questions About Value; 2 Aims and Desiderata for a Theory of Value; 3 Some Substantive Questions About Value; 4 Theories of Value; 5 Value Disagreement; 6 Pluralism and Incommensurability; 7 Values and Rational Choice; 8 Persons and Values; 9 Values and Emotions; 10 Valuing; References; The Goals of Norms; 1 Goals-Norms: A Multiple Relation; 2 Teleologies of Mind: Goals, Functions, and Pseudogoals
1 What Is a Moral Reason?2 Explanatory and Normative Reasons; 3 The Issue of Agential Authority; 4 Subjective and Objective Reasons; 5 Personal and Impersonal Reasons: Integrity and Authenticity; 6 Drawing the Boundaries of the Moral Domain; 7 Moral Reasons and Moral Reasoning; 8 Moral Reasons in Conflict; 9 Moral Reasons and Coordination; 10 Moral Reasons and Compliance; References; Legal Reasoning and Argumentation; 1 Forms of Reasoning by Applying Rules to Cases; 2 Case-Based Reasoning from Analogy; 3 Reasoning and Argument; 4 Reasoning by Drawing Inferences from Sources
5 Defeasible Logic6 Reasoning, Argument, and Proof; 7 Conclusions; References; Norms in Action: A Logical Perspective; 1 Introduction; 2 A Logic for Reasoning About Choices, Actions, and Time; 3 Formalization of Responsibility and Influence; 3.1 Responsibility; 3.2 Influence; 3.3 The Relationship Between Influence and Responsibility; 4 Deontic Extension; 5 Conclusion; References; Of Norms; 1 Terminology and Overview; 2 Normativity; 2.1 Ought-to-Be and Ought-to-Do; 2.2 Influencing and Guiding Behavior; 2.3 Guidance by Norms: The Second-Person Point of View; 2.4 Norms and Facts
3 Rules as Soft Constraints on Possible Worlds3.1 Directions of Fit; 3.2 Possible Worlds; 3.3 Constraints; 3.4 Rules as Soft Constraints; 4 Kinds of Facts; 4.1 Objective Facts; 4.2 Brute Social Facts; 4.3 Social Rules; 4.4 Rule-Based Facts; 4.5 Creation and Derogation; 4.6 Factual and Descriptive Counterparts of Rules; 4.7 Norm-Propositions; 4.8 "Entailed" Norms; 5 Deontic Facts; 5.1 Deontic Facts and Motivation; 5.2 Duties and Obligations; 5.3 Being Obligated and Owing to Do Something; 5.4 Permissions; 5.5 The Anatomy of Ought-to-Do; 6 Of Norms and Other Rules
6.1 Rules as Individuals in the Logical Sense6.2 Dynamic Rules; 6.3 Fact-to-Fact Rules; 6.4 Counts-as Rules; 6.5 Norms; 6.6 Competence-, Power-, and Other Status-Conferring Rules; 7 Summary; References; Values; 1 Euthyphro Dilemma and Other Questions About Value; 2 Aims and Desiderata for a Theory of Value; 3 Some Substantive Questions About Value; 4 Theories of Value; 5 Value Disagreement; 6 Pluralism and Incommensurability; 7 Values and Rational Choice; 8 Persons and Values; 9 Values and Emotions; 10 Valuing; References; The Goals of Norms; 1 Goals-Norms: A Multiple Relation; 2 Teleologies of Mind: Goals, Functions, and Pseudogoals