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Intro; Foreword; Preface to the Series; Acknowledgements; Contents; Contributors; Chapter 1: Gravity Sensing, Graviorientation and Microgravity; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Gravity and the Evolution of Life on Earth; 1.3 Gravity Responses of Motile Microorganisms; 1.4 Gravity Responses of Sessile Plants; 1.5 How Do Organisms Detect and Respond to Gravity?; References; Chapter 2: Methods for Gravitational Biology Research; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Microgravity Simulators-Efforts to Mimic the Effects of Weightlessness; 2.3 Centrifuges-The Benefit of Hypergravity in Gravitational Biology Research
2.4 From Drop Tower to ISS-Biology in Free Fall2.4.1 Drop Tower; 2.4.2 Parabolic Plane Flights; 2.4.3 Sounding Rockets and Suborbital Platforms; 2.4.4 Orbital Platforms-Space Shuttle, Satellites and the International Space Station; 2.5 Conclusions; References; Chapter 3: Gravitaxis in Flagellates and Ciliates; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Gravitaxis and its Ecological Advantages; 3.3 Gravitaxis-The Underlying Mechanism; 3.4 Mechanisms of Gravity Perception Resulting in Gravitaxis; 3.5 Thresholds Characterize Gravireceptors; 3.6 Sensory Transduction Chain for Gravitaxis
3.7 Conclusions and Open QuestionsReferences; Chapter 4: Gravitropism in Tip-Growing Rhizoids and Protonemata of Characean Algae; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 The Cytoskeletal Basis of Gravitropic Tip Growth; 4.3 The Positive and Negative Gravisensing Mechanism; 4.4 Gravireceptor Activation Requires Well-Concerted Action of Gravity and Actomyosin Forces; 4.5 Calcium and Cytoskeletal Forces Govern the Positive and the Negative Gravitropic Response Mechanisms; 4.6 The Impact of Research in Microgravity for Unraveling Plant Gravitropic Signalling Pathways; References
Chapter 5: Gravitropism in Fungi, Mosses and Ferns5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Slime Molds and Fungi; 5.3 Bryophytes; 5.4 Ferns; References; Chapter 6: Gravitropism in Higher Plants: Cellular Aspects; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Gravity Perception; 6.2.1 Tissue Localization of Graviperception; 6.2.2 Starch-Statolith Hypothesis; 6.2.3 Tensegrity Model and the Role of the Actin in Gravity Sensing; 6.3 Signal Transduction and Transmission; 6.3.1 Secondary Messengers; 6.3.2 Asymmetric Hormone Distribution Leads to Directed Growth; 6.4 Gravitropic Growth; 6.4.1 Polar Hormone Distribution
6.5 Microgravity Research and Modifying Gravitational Acceleration Changed Our Perspective on GravitropismReferences; Chapter 7: Gravitropism in Higher Plants: Molecular Aspects; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Plants Sense Gravity; 7.3 Root Growth Responses; 7.4 Root Systems Architecture Is Built by Periodic Growth Responses; 7.5 Gravitropism Follows Grow-and-Switch or Tipping Point Mechanisms; 7.6 Auxin Is an Early Gravistimulation Signal; 7.7 Gravitropic Signaling by Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase CRK5; 7.8 Downstream Regulation of PIN Function; 7.9 Interaction Between Auxin and Other Hormones
2.4 From Drop Tower to ISS-Biology in Free Fall2.4.1 Drop Tower; 2.4.2 Parabolic Plane Flights; 2.4.3 Sounding Rockets and Suborbital Platforms; 2.4.4 Orbital Platforms-Space Shuttle, Satellites and the International Space Station; 2.5 Conclusions; References; Chapter 3: Gravitaxis in Flagellates and Ciliates; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Gravitaxis and its Ecological Advantages; 3.3 Gravitaxis-The Underlying Mechanism; 3.4 Mechanisms of Gravity Perception Resulting in Gravitaxis; 3.5 Thresholds Characterize Gravireceptors; 3.6 Sensory Transduction Chain for Gravitaxis
3.7 Conclusions and Open QuestionsReferences; Chapter 4: Gravitropism in Tip-Growing Rhizoids and Protonemata of Characean Algae; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 The Cytoskeletal Basis of Gravitropic Tip Growth; 4.3 The Positive and Negative Gravisensing Mechanism; 4.4 Gravireceptor Activation Requires Well-Concerted Action of Gravity and Actomyosin Forces; 4.5 Calcium and Cytoskeletal Forces Govern the Positive and the Negative Gravitropic Response Mechanisms; 4.6 The Impact of Research in Microgravity for Unraveling Plant Gravitropic Signalling Pathways; References
Chapter 5: Gravitropism in Fungi, Mosses and Ferns5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Slime Molds and Fungi; 5.3 Bryophytes; 5.4 Ferns; References; Chapter 6: Gravitropism in Higher Plants: Cellular Aspects; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Gravity Perception; 6.2.1 Tissue Localization of Graviperception; 6.2.2 Starch-Statolith Hypothesis; 6.2.3 Tensegrity Model and the Role of the Actin in Gravity Sensing; 6.3 Signal Transduction and Transmission; 6.3.1 Secondary Messengers; 6.3.2 Asymmetric Hormone Distribution Leads to Directed Growth; 6.4 Gravitropic Growth; 6.4.1 Polar Hormone Distribution
6.5 Microgravity Research and Modifying Gravitational Acceleration Changed Our Perspective on GravitropismReferences; Chapter 7: Gravitropism in Higher Plants: Molecular Aspects; 7.1 Introduction; 7.2 Plants Sense Gravity; 7.3 Root Growth Responses; 7.4 Root Systems Architecture Is Built by Periodic Growth Responses; 7.5 Gravitropism Follows Grow-and-Switch or Tipping Point Mechanisms; 7.6 Auxin Is an Early Gravistimulation Signal; 7.7 Gravitropic Signaling by Ca2+/Calmodulin-Dependent Kinase CRK5; 7.8 Downstream Regulation of PIN Function; 7.9 Interaction Between Auxin and Other Hormones