Intro; Preface; Acknowledgements; Contents; 1 The History of Computing; Abstract; 1.1 From History to Culture; 1.2 From Fingers to Computers; 1.2.1 Early Calculation Tools; 1.2.1.1 The Abacus; 1.2.1.2 Slide Rule; 1.2.2 The Mechanical Age; 1.2.2.1 Manual Calculators; 1.2.2.2 Hand Computer; 1.2.2.3 Analytical Engine; 1.2.2.4 Herman Hollerith's Tabulating Machine; 1.2.2.5 Turing Machine; 1.2.3 The First Generation (1946-1957): Age of Vacuum Tubes Computers; 1.2.3.1 ENIAC; 1.2.3.2 ABC Machine; 1.2.3.3 EDVAC; 1.3 From Laboratory to Household

1.3.1 The Second Generation (1958-1964): Application of Transistors1.3.1.1 Transistor; 1.3.1.2 TRADIC; 1.3.1.3 Chinese 441-B; 1.3.2 The Third Generation (1965-1970): An Era for Small and Medium-Scale Integrated Circuit Computers; 1.3.2.1 Integrated Circuits; 1.3.2.2 IBM360; 1.3.3 The Fourth Generation (1971 and On): Application of Large-Scale and Very Large-Scale Integrated Circuits; 1.3.3.1 Intel 4004 Microprocessor; 1.3.3.2 IBM PC; 1.3.3.3 China's First Million Integrated Circuit Computer; 1.3.3.4 Super Computer; 1.4 Peripheral Devices of Computer; 1.4.1 Input Devices; 1.4.1.1 Keyboard

1.4.1.2 Mouse1.4.2 Output Device; 1.5 The Influence of Computer; 1.6 Summary; References; 2 The Development of Software; Abstract; 2.1 Culture and Software; 2.2 The Definition of Software; 2.3 The Development of Program Language; 2.3.1 The First Generation: Machine Language; 2.3.2 The Second Generation: Assembly Language; 2.3.3 The Third Generation: High-Level Programming Language; 2.3.3.1 Fortran [6]; 2.3.3.2 Algol [7]; 2.3.3.3 Lisp [8]; 2.3.3.4 Cobol [9]; 2.3.3.5 Basic [10]; 2.3.3.6 Pascal [11]; 2.3.3.7 C Language [12]; 2.3.4 The Fourth-Generation Language

2.3.5 The Fifth-Generation Language2.4 The Development of Software; 2.4.1 The First Stage of Software Development (1949-1959): The Embryonic Stage of Software Products; 2.4.1.1 "The Universities for Programmers"; Sage [15]; Sabre [16]; 2.4.1.2 The Old Remington Rand Versus the Young Blue Giant IBM [17]; 2.4.1.3 The Emergence of Small-Medium-Sized Software Development Companies; 2.4.2 The Second Stage of Software Development (1959-1969): The Birth of Software Products; 2.4.2.1 The First Patent and License for Software [18]; 2.4.2.2 IBM 360 [19]

2.4.3 The Third Stage of Software Development (1969-1981): Independent Enterprise Solutions2.4.3.1 IBM's Spin-off Decisions Promoted the Development of Independent Software Company; 2.4.3.2 War in Database Market [20]; 2.4.4 The Fourth Stage of Software Development (1981-1994): Popsoft Era; 2.4.4.1 Operating System [21]; 2.4.4.2 Wars in the Field of Electronic Forms Processing Software; 2.4.4.3 Word Processing System [22]; 2.4.4.4 Novell-The "Microsoft" in the Field of LAN [23]; 2.4.4.5 Personal Finance Management Tool: Quicken [24]