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Table of Contents
Intro; Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; Chapter 1: Introduction to Smart Operation Centers; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Concepts of Smart Grids in Distribution Networks Introduction; 1.2.1 Demand Response; 1.2.2 Advanced Metering Infrastructure (AMI); 1.2.3 Smart Meters; 1.2.4 Electric Vehicles; 1.2.5 Distributed Generation; 1.3 The Role of Automation in Distribution Networks; 1.3.1 Basic Structure of Automated Networks; 1.3.2 SCADA Systems; 1.3.3 Examples of Automated Processes in Smart Grids; 1.4 The Distribution Operation Center; 1.5 Conclusions; References; Chapter 2: State Estimation
2.1 Introduction2.2 Problem Formulation; 2.2.1 Weighted Least Squares (WLS) Method; 2.2.2 Measurement Functions-h(x); 2.2.3 Jacobian Matrix-H(x); 2.2.4 Algorithm; 2.3 Didactic Example; 2.4 Observability and Ill-Conditioning; 2.5 Other State Estimation Techniques; 2.5.1 Static State Estimators; 2.5.2 Dynamic State Estimators; 2.5.3 Single Area State Estimators; 2.5.4 Multi-Area State Estimators; 2.6 Conclusions; References; Chapter 3: Self-Healing in Power Distribution Systems; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 General Explanation; 3.3 Location of the Faulty Area
3.3.1 Definition of Clear and Protected Branches3.3.2 Network Topology from Signaled Protections; 3.3.2.1 Topology N 1: Ideal Network (Generic Condition); 3.3.2.2 Topology N 2: High Short-Circuit Current; 3.3.2.3 Topology N 3: Low Short-Circuit Current; 3.3.2.4 Topology N 4: Communication Failure; 3.3.2.5 Topology N 5: Sensitive Ground Fault Performance Between Reclosers and Fuses; 3.3.2.6 Topology N 6: SGF Function Enabled in the Backup Recloser; 3.3.2.7 Topology N 7: Uncoordinated System Due to Maneuvered Network; 3.4 Self-Healing: Decentralized; 3.4.1 Objective Functions and Constraints
3.4.2 Devices3.4.3 Systems with Communication; 3.5 Self-Healing: Centralized Operation; 3.5.1 Objective Functions and Constraints; 3.5.2 Method of Multicriteria Decision-Making; 3.6 Practical Applications; 3.6.1 Decentralized System-Logic of Energization via NO Without Communication; 3.6.2 Centralized System; 3.6.2.1 Fault in the Downstream Branch of RL-1, Without the Possibility of Islanded Operation; 3.6.2.2 Fault in the Downstream Branch of RL-1, with the Possibility of Islanded Operation; 3.6.2.3 Fault Between the DJ of AL-1 and RL-1, with the Possibility of Islanded Operation
3.7 ConclusionReferences; Chapter 4: Volt/Var Control; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Voltage and Reactive Power Control (Volt/Var Control); 4.2.1 Basic Concepts; 4.2.2 Volt/Var Control Objectives and Challenges; 4.2.2.1 Conservation Voltage Reduction; 4.2.3 Distributed Generation from Renewable Sources; 4.2.3.1 Energy Storage Systems; 4.2.3.2 Support for Reconfiguration and Self-Healing Operation; 4.3 Equipment for Volt/Var Control; 4.3.1 Conventional Devices; 4.3.1.1 Power Transformers with Commutation Under Load; 4.3.1.2 Distribution Transformers; 4.3.1.3 Voltage Regulator; 4.3.1.4 Capacitor Banks
2.1 Introduction2.2 Problem Formulation; 2.2.1 Weighted Least Squares (WLS) Method; 2.2.2 Measurement Functions-h(x); 2.2.3 Jacobian Matrix-H(x); 2.2.4 Algorithm; 2.3 Didactic Example; 2.4 Observability and Ill-Conditioning; 2.5 Other State Estimation Techniques; 2.5.1 Static State Estimators; 2.5.2 Dynamic State Estimators; 2.5.3 Single Area State Estimators; 2.5.4 Multi-Area State Estimators; 2.6 Conclusions; References; Chapter 3: Self-Healing in Power Distribution Systems; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 General Explanation; 3.3 Location of the Faulty Area
3.3.1 Definition of Clear and Protected Branches3.3.2 Network Topology from Signaled Protections; 3.3.2.1 Topology N 1: Ideal Network (Generic Condition); 3.3.2.2 Topology N 2: High Short-Circuit Current; 3.3.2.3 Topology N 3: Low Short-Circuit Current; 3.3.2.4 Topology N 4: Communication Failure; 3.3.2.5 Topology N 5: Sensitive Ground Fault Performance Between Reclosers and Fuses; 3.3.2.6 Topology N 6: SGF Function Enabled in the Backup Recloser; 3.3.2.7 Topology N 7: Uncoordinated System Due to Maneuvered Network; 3.4 Self-Healing: Decentralized; 3.4.1 Objective Functions and Constraints
3.4.2 Devices3.4.3 Systems with Communication; 3.5 Self-Healing: Centralized Operation; 3.5.1 Objective Functions and Constraints; 3.5.2 Method of Multicriteria Decision-Making; 3.6 Practical Applications; 3.6.1 Decentralized System-Logic of Energization via NO Without Communication; 3.6.2 Centralized System; 3.6.2.1 Fault in the Downstream Branch of RL-1, Without the Possibility of Islanded Operation; 3.6.2.2 Fault in the Downstream Branch of RL-1, with the Possibility of Islanded Operation; 3.6.2.3 Fault Between the DJ of AL-1 and RL-1, with the Possibility of Islanded Operation
3.7 ConclusionReferences; Chapter 4: Volt/Var Control; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Voltage and Reactive Power Control (Volt/Var Control); 4.2.1 Basic Concepts; 4.2.2 Volt/Var Control Objectives and Challenges; 4.2.2.1 Conservation Voltage Reduction; 4.2.3 Distributed Generation from Renewable Sources; 4.2.3.1 Energy Storage Systems; 4.2.3.2 Support for Reconfiguration and Self-Healing Operation; 4.3 Equipment for Volt/Var Control; 4.3.1 Conventional Devices; 4.3.1.1 Power Transformers with Commutation Under Load; 4.3.1.2 Distribution Transformers; 4.3.1.3 Voltage Regulator; 4.3.1.4 Capacitor Banks