Intro; Preface; Contents; 1: Otosclerosis; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Epidemiology; 1.3 Etiopathogenesis; 1.3.1 Biology of the Otic Capsule; 1.3.1.1 OPG/RANK/RANK-L System; OPG/RANK/RANK-L System Dysregulation; 1.3.1.2 Globuli Interossei; 1.3.2 Genetic Inheritance; 1.3.3 Viral Etiology; 1.3.4 Endocrinological Factors; 1.3.4.1 Pregnancy; 1.3.4.2 Parathyroid Hormone; 1.3.5 Immunological Factors; 1.4 Histopathology; 1.5 Sites of Localization of Otosclerosis; 1.5.1 Fenestral Otosclerosis; 1.5.1.1 The Oval Window; 1.5.1.2 The Round Window; 1.5.2 Retrofenestral (Pericochlear) Otosclerosis

1.6 Clinical Manifestations1.6.1 Hearing Loss; 1.6.2 Tinnitus; 1.6.2.1 Toxicity Theory; 1.6.2.2 Modulatory Theory; 1.6.3 Dizziness; 1.7 Clinical Evaluation; 1.7.1 Physical Examination; 1.7.1.1 Otomicroscopy; 1.7.1.2 Tuning Fork Tests; 1.7.2 Audiological Testing; 1.7.2.1 Pure Tone Audiometry; 1.7.2.2 Tympanometry and Multifrequency Tympanometry; 1.7.2.3 Stapedial Reflex; 1.7.2.4 Laser Doppler Vibrometry; 1.8 CT-Imaging; 1.8.1 Fenestral Otosclerosis; 1.8.1.1 Oval Window; The Ante Fenestral Focus (AF); The Size of the Focus; The Density of the Focus; Clinico-Radiologic Correlations

Assessment of the FootplateClinico-Radiologic Correlations; 1.8.1.2 Round Window Otosclerosis; 1.8.2 Retrofenestral Otosclerosis; 1.8.2.1 Clinico-Radiological Correlations; 1.8.2.2 Cochlear Otosclerosis; 1.8.3 Doubtful or Negative CT with a Clinical Diagnosis of Typical Otosclerosis; 1.8.3.1 Triangular Thickening of the Insertion of the Anterior Stapes Crura to the Footplate; 1.8.3.2 Hypodensity at the Anterior Wall of the IAC ("Diverticulum" or "Nipple Sign"); 1.8.3.3 Negative CT in Otosclerosis; Infra-Radiologic Otosclerosis; 1.8.4 Radiologic Classifications of Otosclerosis

1.8.5 Anatomic Abnormalities: Impact on the Surgical Access to the Stapes1.8.5.1 Narrow Oval Window Niche; 1.8.5.2 Overhanging Second Portion of the Facial Nerve; 1.8.5.3 Persistent Stapedial Artery; 1.9 Primary Stapes Surgery; 1.9.1 Biomechanics of Stapes Surgery; 1.9.2 Indications of Stapes Surgery; 1.9.3 Contraindications of Stapes Surgery; 1.9.4 Informed Consent; 1.9.5 Anesthesia in Stapes Surgery; 1.9.6 Surgical Steps in Stapes Surgery; 1.9.7 Microscopic Versus Endoscopic Stapes Surgery; 1.9.8 Stapedectomy Versus Stapedotomy; 1.9.9 Laser in Stapes Surgery

1.9.10 Micro-Drill in Stapedotomy1.9.11 Prosthesis Selection; 1.9.11.1 Material; 1.9.11.2 Length; 1.9.11.3 Diameter; 1.9.11.4 Crimping of the Prosthesis; 1.9.12 Oval Window Sealing; 1.9.13 Stapedial Tendon Preservation; 1.9.14 Surgical Treatment of Bilateral Otosclerosis (Contralateral Stapedectomy); 1.9.15 Intraoperative Challenges in Stapes Surgery; 1.9.15.1 Malleus Ankylosis; 1.9.15.2 High Jugular Bulb; 1.9.15.3 Overhanging Facial Nerve; 1.9.15.4 Floating or Depressed Footplate; 1.9.15.5 Obliterative Otosclerosis of the Oval Window; 1.9.15.6 Incidental Disarticulation of the Incus