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Intro; Foreword; Jean Chavaillon: The Scientist, The Teacher, and The Colleague; Preface; Contents; 1 The Emergence of the Acheulean in East Africa: Historical Perspectives and Current Issues; Abstract; Acknowledgements; References; 2 Before the Acheulean in East Africa: An Overview of the Oldowan Lithic Assemblages; Abstract; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 "Older Than the Oldowan": The Lomekwian and the Origin of Stone Technology; 2.3 The Oldowan Assemblages; 2.3.1 Gona (Ethiopia); 2.3.2 Hadar (Ethiopia); 2.3.3 West Turkana (Kenya); 2.3.4 Omo (Ethiopia); 2.3.5 Kanjera South (Kenya)
2.3.6 Fejej (Ethiopia)2.3.7 Olduvai (Tanzania); 2.3.8 Melka Kunture (Ethiopia); 2.4 Discussion; 2.5 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References; 3 Technological Assets for the Emergence of the Acheulean? Reflections on the Kokiselei 4 Lithic Assemblage and Its Place in the Archaeological Context of West Turkana, Kenya; Abstract; 3.1 Pluralist Tool Makers, a Single Technological Framework; 3.2 Origin of the Term "Acheulean"; 3.3 The Concept of Tool; 3.4 The Oldest Knapped Tools, the Early Acheulean; 3.5 Detaching Flakes ...; 3.6 Sketching the First Stages of Knapped Stone Technology
3.7 West Turkana: The Unity of Place3.7.1 The Nachukui Formation; 3.7.1.1 Lomekwi 3 (LOM3); 3.7.1.2 Lokalalei 2C (LA2C); 3.7.2 The Kokiselei Sites Complex; 3.7.2.1 Kokiselei 5 (KS5); 3.7.2.2 Kokiselei 4 (KS4); KS4: Techniques; KS4: Sequences; 3.8 Gw1-Isenya Acheulean Site; 3.8.1 Predetermination of Some Blanks; 3.8.2 Techniques and Sequences; 3.9 Conclusion; Acknowledgements; References; 4 Before, During, and After the Early Acheulean at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia): A Techno-economic Comparative Analysis; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Melka Kunture: The Geological and Archaeological Setting4.3 The Analyzed Early Pleistocene Sites; 4.3.1 Garba IV (sim1.7-1.6 Ma); 4.3.1.1 Levels E-F; 4.3.1.2 Level D; 4.3.2 Garba XIIIB (sim1.0 Ma); 4.3.3 Gombore II OAM (sim0.85 Ma); 4.4 Availability of Raw Materials; 4.5 Techno-economic Behaviors; 4.5.1 Production of Small- and Medium-Sized Flakes at Garba IVE-F, sim1.7 Ma; 4.5.2 Production of Small- and Medium-Sized Flakes at Garba IVD, sim1.6 Ma; 4.5.3 Production of Small- and Medium-Sized Flakes at Garba XIIIB, sim1.0 Ma
4.5.4 Production of Small- and Medium-Sized Flakes at Gombore II OAM, sim0.85 Ma4.5.5 LCT Production at Garba IVD, sim1.6 Ma; 4.5.6 LCT Production at Garba XIIIB, sim1.0 Ma; 4.5.7 LCT Production at Gombore II OAM, sim0.85 Ma; 4.6 Discussion: The Origin of the Acheulean at Melka Kunture; 4.7 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References; 5 Variability in the Mountain Environment at Melka Kunture Archaeological Site, Ethiopia, During the Early Pleistocene (sim1.7 Ma) and the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (0.9-0.6 Ma); Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 General Background; 5.2.1 Vegetation
2.3.6 Fejej (Ethiopia)2.3.7 Olduvai (Tanzania); 2.3.8 Melka Kunture (Ethiopia); 2.4 Discussion; 2.5 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References; 3 Technological Assets for the Emergence of the Acheulean? Reflections on the Kokiselei 4 Lithic Assemblage and Its Place in the Archaeological Context of West Turkana, Kenya; Abstract; 3.1 Pluralist Tool Makers, a Single Technological Framework; 3.2 Origin of the Term "Acheulean"; 3.3 The Concept of Tool; 3.4 The Oldest Knapped Tools, the Early Acheulean; 3.5 Detaching Flakes ...; 3.6 Sketching the First Stages of Knapped Stone Technology
3.7 West Turkana: The Unity of Place3.7.1 The Nachukui Formation; 3.7.1.1 Lomekwi 3 (LOM3); 3.7.1.2 Lokalalei 2C (LA2C); 3.7.2 The Kokiselei Sites Complex; 3.7.2.1 Kokiselei 5 (KS5); 3.7.2.2 Kokiselei 4 (KS4); KS4: Techniques; KS4: Sequences; 3.8 Gw1-Isenya Acheulean Site; 3.8.1 Predetermination of Some Blanks; 3.8.2 Techniques and Sequences; 3.9 Conclusion; Acknowledgements; References; 4 Before, During, and After the Early Acheulean at Melka Kunture (Upper Awash, Ethiopia): A Techno-economic Comparative Analysis; Abstract; 4.1 Introduction
4.2 Melka Kunture: The Geological and Archaeological Setting4.3 The Analyzed Early Pleistocene Sites; 4.3.1 Garba IV (sim1.7-1.6 Ma); 4.3.1.1 Levels E-F; 4.3.1.2 Level D; 4.3.2 Garba XIIIB (sim1.0 Ma); 4.3.3 Gombore II OAM (sim0.85 Ma); 4.4 Availability of Raw Materials; 4.5 Techno-economic Behaviors; 4.5.1 Production of Small- and Medium-Sized Flakes at Garba IVE-F, sim1.7 Ma; 4.5.2 Production of Small- and Medium-Sized Flakes at Garba IVD, sim1.6 Ma; 4.5.3 Production of Small- and Medium-Sized Flakes at Garba XIIIB, sim1.0 Ma
4.5.4 Production of Small- and Medium-Sized Flakes at Gombore II OAM, sim0.85 Ma4.5.5 LCT Production at Garba IVD, sim1.6 Ma; 4.5.6 LCT Production at Garba XIIIB, sim1.0 Ma; 4.5.7 LCT Production at Gombore II OAM, sim0.85 Ma; 4.6 Discussion: The Origin of the Acheulean at Melka Kunture; 4.7 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References; 5 Variability in the Mountain Environment at Melka Kunture Archaeological Site, Ethiopia, During the Early Pleistocene (sim1.7 Ma) and the Mid-Pleistocene Transition (0.9-0.6 Ma); Abstract; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 General Background; 5.2.1 Vegetation