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Intro; Supervisor's Foreword; Abstract; Acknowledgements; Contents; Abbreviations; 1 Introduction; References; 2 Plasmonics; 2.1 Metal Optics; 2.1.1 Maxwell's Equations; 2.1.2 Drude Model; 2.1.3 Electromagnetic Waves; 2.2 Surface Plasmon Polaritons; 2.2.1 Origin; 2.2.2 Excitation Methods; 2.2.3 Controlling the Properties of Surface Plasmon Polaritons; 2.2.4 Deposition of Thin Films Using Electron-Beam Evaporation; 2.2.5 Characterisation of Thin Films Using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 2.3 Localised Surface Plasmon Resonances; 2.3.1 The Frölich Condition and Mie Theory
2.3.2 Fabrication of Plasmonic Nanoarrays Using Electron-Beam Lithography2.4 Factors Affecting the Shape of Plasmon Resonances; 2.4.1 Losses; 2.4.2 Fano Asymmetry; References; 3 Two-Dimensional Materials; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Graphene; 3.2.1 Electronic Properties; 3.2.2 Optical Properties; 3.2.3 Intrinsic Graphene Plasmons; 3.3 Hexagonal Boron Nitride; 3.3.1 Reststrahlen Band in hBN; 3.4 Fabrication of 2D Materials; 3.4.1 Mechanical Exfoliation; 3.4.2 Growth of Graphene via Chemical Vapour Deposition; 3.5 Characterisation of 2D Materials; 3.5.1 Raman Spectroscopy
3.5.2 Fourier Transform Infrared SpectroscopyReferences; 4 Super-Narrow, Extremely High Quality Collective Plasmon Resonances at Telecommunication Wavelengths; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Diffraction Coupling of Localised Plasmon Resonances; 4.2.1 Coupled Dipole Approximation; 4.2.2 Previous Experimental Observations of Diffraction Coupled Plasmon Resonances; 4.3 Sample Design; 4.4 Results; 4.5 Discussion; 4.6 Conclusion; References; 5 Nanomechanical Electro-Optical Modulator Based on Atomic Heterostructures; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Sample Design; 5.3 Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Reflectometry
5.3.1 Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared Response5.3.2 Mid-infrared Response; 5.4 Modulation Frequency; 5.4.1 Theoretical Modulation Frequency; 5.4.2 Frequency Measurements; 5.5 Discussion; 5.5.1 Maxwell Stresses; 5.5.2 Further Device Optimisation; 5.6 Conclusion; References; 6 Strong Coupling of Diffraction Coupled Plasmons and Optical Waveguide Modes in Gold Stripe-Dielectric Nanostructures at Telecom Wavelengths; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Sample Design; 6.3 Characterisation Using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 6.4 Communication Length of Hybrid Plasmon-Wave-Guide System; 6.5 Discussion; 6.6 Conclusion
2.3.2 Fabrication of Plasmonic Nanoarrays Using Electron-Beam Lithography2.4 Factors Affecting the Shape of Plasmon Resonances; 2.4.1 Losses; 2.4.2 Fano Asymmetry; References; 3 Two-Dimensional Materials; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Graphene; 3.2.1 Electronic Properties; 3.2.2 Optical Properties; 3.2.3 Intrinsic Graphene Plasmons; 3.3 Hexagonal Boron Nitride; 3.3.1 Reststrahlen Band in hBN; 3.4 Fabrication of 2D Materials; 3.4.1 Mechanical Exfoliation; 3.4.2 Growth of Graphene via Chemical Vapour Deposition; 3.5 Characterisation of 2D Materials; 3.5.1 Raman Spectroscopy
3.5.2 Fourier Transform Infrared SpectroscopyReferences; 4 Super-Narrow, Extremely High Quality Collective Plasmon Resonances at Telecommunication Wavelengths; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Diffraction Coupling of Localised Plasmon Resonances; 4.2.1 Coupled Dipole Approximation; 4.2.2 Previous Experimental Observations of Diffraction Coupled Plasmon Resonances; 4.3 Sample Design; 4.4 Results; 4.5 Discussion; 4.6 Conclusion; References; 5 Nanomechanical Electro-Optical Modulator Based on Atomic Heterostructures; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 Sample Design; 5.3 Spectroscopic Ellipsometry and Reflectometry
5.3.1 Ultraviolet to Near-Infrared Response5.3.2 Mid-infrared Response; 5.4 Modulation Frequency; 5.4.1 Theoretical Modulation Frequency; 5.4.2 Frequency Measurements; 5.5 Discussion; 5.5.1 Maxwell Stresses; 5.5.2 Further Device Optimisation; 5.6 Conclusion; References; 6 Strong Coupling of Diffraction Coupled Plasmons and Optical Waveguide Modes in Gold Stripe-Dielectric Nanostructures at Telecom Wavelengths; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Sample Design; 6.3 Characterisation Using Spectroscopic Ellipsometry; 6.4 Communication Length of Hybrid Plasmon-Wave-Guide System; 6.5 Discussion; 6.6 Conclusion