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Intro; Preface; Contents; Developmental Contributors to Trauma Response: The Importance of Sensitive Periods, Early Environment, and Sex Differences; 1 Sensitive Periods; 1.1 Sensitive Periods for Trauma Exposure and Related Pathology; 1.2 Sensitive Periods for Development of Fear Neurobiology; 2 Early Environmental Factors Influencing Risk for PTSD; 2.1 Rearing Environment; 2.2 Maternal Buffering; 2.3 Social Support; 3 Developmental Emergence of Sex Differences in Risk for PTSD; 3.1 Sex-Dependent Risk Factors for Trauma-Related Pathology
3.2 Emergence of Sex-Dependent Risk Factors over Development4 Summary and Conclusions; References; MicroRNAs in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder; 1 Introduction; 2 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder; 3 Epigenetics: The Role of miRNAs; 3.1 Biogenesis and Mode of Action of miRNAs; 3.2 miRNAs in the Nervous System; 3.3 Circulating miRNAs; 3.4 Mechanism of miRNA Regulation; 4 miRNAs, Stress and PTSD; 4.1 Evidence from Animal Studies; 4.1.1 miRNAs and Fear Conditioning; 4.1.2 Circulating miRNAs as Biomarkers of PTSD; 4.1.3 miRNAs in Transgenerational Inheritance of Early Stress
4.1.4 miRNAs Targets the FK506 Binding Protein 5 (FKBP5) Gene4.2 Evidence from Clinical Studies; 5 Current Challenges, Pitfalls, and Future Perspectives; References; Animal Models of PTSD: A Critical Review; 1 Animal Models of Traumatic Stress; 1.1 Physical Stressors; 1.1.1 Restraint/Immobilization Stress; 1.1.2 Underwater Holding; 1.1.3 Single Prolonged Stress; 1.1.4 Electric Shock; Shock-Induced Conditioned Fear; 1.2 Social and Psychological Stressors; 1.2.1 Social Defeat Stress (SDS); 1.2.2 Predator Stress; 2 Operationalizing PTSD-Like Symptoms in Animal Models
3 The ``Cutoff Behavioral Criteria ́́Model of PTSD: Focus on Vulnerability and Resiliency Factors4 Special Challenges; 5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives; References; Integrating NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) into PTSD Research; 1 Introduction; 2 The RDoC System; 3 Integration of the RDoC System into PTSD Research; 3.1 State of the Literature; 3.2 Negative Valence Systems; 3.3 Positive Valence Systems; 3.4 Cognitive Systems; 3.5 Arousal Systems; 3.6 Systems for Social Processes; 4 Proposed Novel Domains for PTSD Research; 4.1 Stress and Emotion Regulation
4.2 Maintenance of Consciousness5 Summary and Conclusions; References; Neurocognition in PTSD: Treatment Insights and Implications; 1 Introduction; 2 Neurocognition in PTSD; 2.1 Memory; 2.2 Attention, Working Memory, and Executive Function; 2.3 Processing Speed; 3 Neurocognition and Treatment for PTSD; 3.1 Neuropsychological Function and PTSD Psychotherapy; 3.2 Neuroimaging and PTSD Psychotherapy; 3.3 Neuropsychological Function and PTSD Pharmacotherapy; 3.4 Neuroimaging and PTSD Pharmacotherapy; 4 Neurocognitive-Informed Treatment Approaches for PTSD; 5 Conclusions; References
3.2 Emergence of Sex-Dependent Risk Factors over Development4 Summary and Conclusions; References; MicroRNAs in Post-traumatic Stress Disorder; 1 Introduction; 2 Post-traumatic Stress Disorder; 3 Epigenetics: The Role of miRNAs; 3.1 Biogenesis and Mode of Action of miRNAs; 3.2 miRNAs in the Nervous System; 3.3 Circulating miRNAs; 3.4 Mechanism of miRNA Regulation; 4 miRNAs, Stress and PTSD; 4.1 Evidence from Animal Studies; 4.1.1 miRNAs and Fear Conditioning; 4.1.2 Circulating miRNAs as Biomarkers of PTSD; 4.1.3 miRNAs in Transgenerational Inheritance of Early Stress
4.1.4 miRNAs Targets the FK506 Binding Protein 5 (FKBP5) Gene4.2 Evidence from Clinical Studies; 5 Current Challenges, Pitfalls, and Future Perspectives; References; Animal Models of PTSD: A Critical Review; 1 Animal Models of Traumatic Stress; 1.1 Physical Stressors; 1.1.1 Restraint/Immobilization Stress; 1.1.2 Underwater Holding; 1.1.3 Single Prolonged Stress; 1.1.4 Electric Shock; Shock-Induced Conditioned Fear; 1.2 Social and Psychological Stressors; 1.2.1 Social Defeat Stress (SDS); 1.2.2 Predator Stress; 2 Operationalizing PTSD-Like Symptoms in Animal Models
3 The ``Cutoff Behavioral Criteria ́́Model of PTSD: Focus on Vulnerability and Resiliency Factors4 Special Challenges; 5 Conclusions and Future Perspectives; References; Integrating NIMH Research Domain Criteria (RDoC) into PTSD Research; 1 Introduction; 2 The RDoC System; 3 Integration of the RDoC System into PTSD Research; 3.1 State of the Literature; 3.2 Negative Valence Systems; 3.3 Positive Valence Systems; 3.4 Cognitive Systems; 3.5 Arousal Systems; 3.6 Systems for Social Processes; 4 Proposed Novel Domains for PTSD Research; 4.1 Stress and Emotion Regulation
4.2 Maintenance of Consciousness5 Summary and Conclusions; References; Neurocognition in PTSD: Treatment Insights and Implications; 1 Introduction; 2 Neurocognition in PTSD; 2.1 Memory; 2.2 Attention, Working Memory, and Executive Function; 2.3 Processing Speed; 3 Neurocognition and Treatment for PTSD; 3.1 Neuropsychological Function and PTSD Psychotherapy; 3.2 Neuroimaging and PTSD Psychotherapy; 3.3 Neuropsychological Function and PTSD Pharmacotherapy; 3.4 Neuroimaging and PTSD Pharmacotherapy; 4 Neurocognitive-Informed Treatment Approaches for PTSD; 5 Conclusions; References