Intro; Contents; Contributors; Chapter 1: Basics of Solidification Processing of Metallic Alloys; 1.1 Structure Formation Upon Casting; 1.2 Effects of Flow on Structure Formation During Solidification; 1.3 Main Factors Affecting the Structure Formation; and Melt Processing and Casting Technologies; References; Chapter 2: In Situ Studies of the Solidification Dynamics of Metal Alloys; 2.1 X-Rays, Their Interaction with Matter and Techniques for Materials Characterization; 2.1.1 A Brief Review of the Advances of X-Ray Science; 2.1.2 X-Ray Interaction with Matter: Scattering and Absorption

2.1.3 X-Ray Imaging-Based Characterization Techniques2.1.3.1 Absorption Contrast Imaging; 2.1.3.2 Phase Contrast Imaging; 2.1.3.3 Photoemission Electron Microscopy; 2.1.3.4 X-Ray Diffraction Imaging; 2.1.3.5 X-Ray Tomography; 2.1.3.6 Ptychography; 2.2 In Situ Studies of Solidification Processes using X-Ray Based Technologies; 2.2.1 A Brief Review on In Situ Studies of Solidification Processes; 2.2.2 In Situ Studies of Grain Nucleation by X-Ray Diffraction; 2.2.3 In Situ Studies of Liquid Metal Flow and Semi-Solid Deformation by X-Ray Radiography

2.2.4 In Situ Studies of Dendritic Grain Growth and Fragmentation by X-Ray Radiography2.2.5 In Situ Studies of Dendrites and Intermetallic Phases by X-Ray Tomography; 2.3 The Challenge for In Situ Studies and Future Trend; 2.3.1 Temporal and Spatial Resolution Issues; 2.3.2 Linking Modelling with Experiments; 2.3.3 Simultaneous Acquisition of Multidimensional Datasets; References; Chapter 3: Magnetohydrodynamics Processing and Modeling; 3.1 Physical Principles; 3.2 DC Current Applications; 3.2.1 The Aluminum Smelter; 3.2.2 Vacuum Arc Remelting Furnace

3.2.2.1 Linking with a Microstructure Model3.2.2.2 Freckle Defect Prediction; 3.3 AC and Combined AC/DC Applications; 3.3.1 Levitation Principles; 3.3.2 Cold Crucible Examples; 3.3.3 Silicon Kerf Recycling; 3.3.4 Contactless Sonotrode; References; Chapter 4: Electromagnetic Stirring and Low-Frequency Electromagnetic Vibration; 4.1 Physical Principles of Electromagnetic Melt Processing and Solidification; 4.2 Mathematic Description of Heat/Mass Transfer During the Solidification of Metals Under Electromagnetic Fields

4.3 Effects of Electromagnetic Stirring on Heat/Mass Transfer and Solidification Structures4.3.1 Decoupling Due to Small Magnetic Reynolds Number; 4.3.2 Skin Depth for Alternating Magnetic Fields; 4.3.3 Time-Average Value of Lorentz Force; 4.3.4 Effects of Electromagnetic Stirring on Heat/Mass Transfer; 4.3.4.1 Effects of Electromagnetic Stirring on Heat Transfer; 4.3.4.2 Effects of Electromagnetic Stirring on Mass Transfer; 4.3.5 Effects of Electromagnetic Stirring on Solidification Structure; 4.3.5.1 Refining Mechanism in the Presence of Electromagnetic Stirring