Intro; Contents; The Determinants of Nonperforming Loans: The Case of Turkey; 1 Introduction; 2 Literature Review; 3 Data, Model Specification and Methodology; 3.1 Methodology; 3.2 Unit Root Tests; 3.3 Co-integration Test; 3.4 Vector Error Correction Model (VECM); 3.5 Granger Causality Test; 4 Empirical Results; 4.1 Unit Root Test; 4.2 Co-integration Test; 4.3 Vector Error Correction Model Results; 4.4 Granger Causality; 5 Conclusion and Policy Implications; References; Determinants of External Debt: The Case of Malaysia; 1 Introduction; 2 Literature Review; 3 Model and Data

4 Methodology and Empirical Findings4.1 Descriptive Statistics; 4.2 Unit Root and Stationary Test Results; 4.3 Cointegration Results; 4.4 Vector Error Correction Model Results; 4.5 Granger Causality Test Results; 5 Conclusion; References; Asset Allocation, Capital Structure, Theory of the Firm and Banking Performance: A Panel Analysis; 1 Introduction; 2 Literature Review; 3 The Suggested Model; 3.1 Variables Used; 3.2 Objective Function; 3.3 Constraints; 3.3.1 Definitional Constraints; 3.3.2 Legal Reserve Ratio Constraint; 3.3.3 Legal Liquidity Ratio Constraint

3.3.4 Capital Adequacy Constraints3.3.5 Maximum Lending Constraint; 3.4 Algorithm; 3.4.1 Determining W5* and W8*; 3.4.2 Determining W11*; 3.4.3 Determining W1*, W2*, W3*, W4*, W6* and W7*; 3.5 Optimality Index of Bank Financial Structure; 3.5.1 Calculating Optimality of Assets (OA); 3.5.2 Calculating Optimality of Liabilities (OL); 3.5.3 Calculating Optimality Index (OI); 4 Testing Hypotheses; 5 Summary and Concluded Remarks; References; Does Research and Development Expenditure Impact High-Technology Export in Turkey: Evidence from ARDL Model; 1 Introduction; 2 Literature Review

3 Data and Methodology3.1 Data; 3.2 Methodology; 4 Empirical Results; 5 Conclusion; References; The Cyclicality of Allowance for Impairment Losses in Indonesia; 1 Introduction; 2 Literatures Review; 2.1 Procyclicality of Loan Loss Provisioning; 2.2 Accounting Standards that Support Expected Credit Loss Provisioning; 2.3 Loan Loss Provisioning in Indonesia; 3 Data and Methodology; 3.1 Methodology; 3.2 Data; 4 Estimations Results; 4.1 Estimation Result for Generalized Least Squares (GLS) Estimator; 4.2 Estimation Result for Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) Estimator

5 Conclusion and Policy RecommendationReferences; Evalution of FDI in CE, SEE and Kosovo in Relation to Growth Rates and Other Indicators; 1 Introduction; 2 The Role of FDI in Economic Growth Discussions and Empirical Debates; 2.1 Relations with Economic Growth, FDI and Domestic Investment; 3 Study Methodology; 4 Theoretical and Empirical Model; 5 Results of the Study; 5.1 The Final Results at the Rate of GDP per capita-Dependent; 5.2 Solution of the Second Hypothesis Dependent FDI; 5.3 Unilateral Effect of FDI and Economic Growth; 6 Conclusion and Recommendations; Appendix; References