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Table of Contents
Energy Sources and Supply Grids
The Growing Need for Storage; 1 Introduction; 2 Energy Sources; 2.1 Generation of Electricity from Combustion of Fossil Fuels; 2.2 Nuclear Power; 2.3 Renewables: Solar, Wind, Wave, Tidal and Hydro; 2.4 Geothermal, Combined Heat and Power, Biomass Combustion and Waste Incineration; 3 Operation of Electricity Networks; 3.1 Transmission Network; 3.2 Distribution Network; 3.3 Distributed Generation; 3.4 Mini Grids; 4 Stabilisation of the Electricity Grid; 4.1 System Support Services
4.2 Impact of Renewables on Operation of Electricity Grid4.3 Corrective Measures for Mitigating RoCoF; 4.4 Demand-side Solutions and Smart Grids; 4.5 Need for Energy Storage; 5 Electric Vehicles and the Electricity Grids; 5.1 Slow Charging; 5.2 Fast Charging; 5.3 End-of-life Usage; 5.4 Implications of Connecting Electric Vehicles to the Electricity Grid; 6 Conclusion; References; Mechanical Systems for Energy Storage
Scale and Environmental Issues. Pumped Hydroelectric and Compressed Air Energy Storage; 1 Introduction
2 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage
Introduction to the Technology, Geology and Environmental Aspects2.1 Efficiencies and Economics; 2.2 UK Deployment of PHS; 2.3 Environmental and Regulatory Factors in PHS; 3 Compressed Air Energy Storage
Introduction to the Technologies, Geology and Environmental Aspects; 3.1 Applications of CAES; 3.2 CAES Configurations
DCAES, ACAES/AACAES, ICAES; 3.3 Geological Storage Options; 3.4 Operational Modes of CAES 'Reservoirs'; 3.5 UK Potential for Deployment of CAES; 3.6 Planning and Regulatory Environment for CAES
3.7 Environmental Performance, Emissions, Sustainability and Economics of CAES Systems3.8 Safety Record of CAES and Some Potential Risks (Human and Environmental); Acknowledgments; References; Electrochemical Energy Storage; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Electrolytic and Voltaic Cells; 1.2 Batteries, Fuel Cells and Flow Batteries; 2 Lead-Acid Batteries; 2.1 Fundamental Aspects of Lead-Acid Batteries; 2.2 Electrodes; 2.3 Cell Designs; 2.4 Cycle Depth; 2.5 Environmental Aspects; 3 Lithium and Lithium-ion Batteries; 3.1 Basic Theory, Structure and Operation; 3.2 Materials; 3.3 Electrolytes; 3.4 Separators
3.5 Sustainability of Lithium-ion Batteries4 Other Battery Chemistries; 4.1 Sodium-Sulfur Batteries; 4.2 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries; 5 Fuel Cells; 5.1 Low-temperature Fuel Cells; 5.2 High-temperature Fuel Cells; 5.3 Fuel Cells for Energy Storage; 5.4 Environmental Issues with Hydrogen Production and Distribution; 6 Flow Batteries; 6.1 Traditional Redox Flow Batteries: The All-vanadium Flow Battery; 6.2 Hybrid Flow Batteries: The Zinc-Bromine Flow Battery; 6.3 Slurry Flow Batteries: The All-iron Flow Battery; 6.4 Other Flow Battery Systems; 7 Summary and Conclusions; References.
The Growing Need for Storage; 1 Introduction; 2 Energy Sources; 2.1 Generation of Electricity from Combustion of Fossil Fuels; 2.2 Nuclear Power; 2.3 Renewables: Solar, Wind, Wave, Tidal and Hydro; 2.4 Geothermal, Combined Heat and Power, Biomass Combustion and Waste Incineration; 3 Operation of Electricity Networks; 3.1 Transmission Network; 3.2 Distribution Network; 3.3 Distributed Generation; 3.4 Mini Grids; 4 Stabilisation of the Electricity Grid; 4.1 System Support Services
4.2 Impact of Renewables on Operation of Electricity Grid4.3 Corrective Measures for Mitigating RoCoF; 4.4 Demand-side Solutions and Smart Grids; 4.5 Need for Energy Storage; 5 Electric Vehicles and the Electricity Grids; 5.1 Slow Charging; 5.2 Fast Charging; 5.3 End-of-life Usage; 5.4 Implications of Connecting Electric Vehicles to the Electricity Grid; 6 Conclusion; References; Mechanical Systems for Energy Storage
Scale and Environmental Issues. Pumped Hydroelectric and Compressed Air Energy Storage; 1 Introduction
2 Pumped Hydroelectric Storage
Introduction to the Technology, Geology and Environmental Aspects2.1 Efficiencies and Economics; 2.2 UK Deployment of PHS; 2.3 Environmental and Regulatory Factors in PHS; 3 Compressed Air Energy Storage
Introduction to the Technologies, Geology and Environmental Aspects; 3.1 Applications of CAES; 3.2 CAES Configurations
DCAES, ACAES/AACAES, ICAES; 3.3 Geological Storage Options; 3.4 Operational Modes of CAES 'Reservoirs'; 3.5 UK Potential for Deployment of CAES; 3.6 Planning and Regulatory Environment for CAES
3.7 Environmental Performance, Emissions, Sustainability and Economics of CAES Systems3.8 Safety Record of CAES and Some Potential Risks (Human and Environmental); Acknowledgments; References; Electrochemical Energy Storage; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Electrolytic and Voltaic Cells; 1.2 Batteries, Fuel Cells and Flow Batteries; 2 Lead-Acid Batteries; 2.1 Fundamental Aspects of Lead-Acid Batteries; 2.2 Electrodes; 2.3 Cell Designs; 2.4 Cycle Depth; 2.5 Environmental Aspects; 3 Lithium and Lithium-ion Batteries; 3.1 Basic Theory, Structure and Operation; 3.2 Materials; 3.3 Electrolytes; 3.4 Separators
3.5 Sustainability of Lithium-ion Batteries4 Other Battery Chemistries; 4.1 Sodium-Sulfur Batteries; 4.2 Nickel-Metal Hydride Batteries; 5 Fuel Cells; 5.1 Low-temperature Fuel Cells; 5.2 High-temperature Fuel Cells; 5.3 Fuel Cells for Energy Storage; 5.4 Environmental Issues with Hydrogen Production and Distribution; 6 Flow Batteries; 6.1 Traditional Redox Flow Batteries: The All-vanadium Flow Battery; 6.2 Hybrid Flow Batteries: The Zinc-Bromine Flow Battery; 6.3 Slurry Flow Batteries: The All-iron Flow Battery; 6.4 Other Flow Battery Systems; 7 Summary and Conclusions; References.