Historical background
The pre-colonial period
The colonial period
The First Republic
The Second Republic
The years of hegemony (1973-1990)
The discourse of reconciliation and the continued policy of exclusion
Attempt to create a rural totalitarian state
A brief and fragile economic recovery (1974-1986)
Insubordination, social violence and despair
War, multipartism and genocide
The MRND party-state resistance to change
The political opposition at the root of the genocide
Butare: origins of the prefecture's political moderation
Historical background
Butare under the Second Republic
Tolerance, violence and genocide in Butare
The October 1990 war
Multipartism in Butare
Genocide in the prefecture
Kigembe: a social and political history
The First Republic
The Second Republic
Political radicalism in Kigembe
The impact of the 1990 war on Kigembe
The multiparty era
Genocide in Kigembe
Kibuye: land conflict and political violence
Historical and social context
The final years of the MRND party-state
Popular mobilization, war and the transition to democracy
Multipartism in Kibuye prefecture
: moderate politics and genocide in Gitesi commune
1984-1990: social crisis and the rise of subversive behavior
War and multiparty rule
Genocide in gitesi commune
General conclusion: massive popular participation in the genocide.