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Table of Contents
Overview of the NFL National Anthem Protests
Landmark Events. "The Star-Spangled Banner" Is Played at a Sporting Event for the First Time (1918)
"The Star-Spangled Banner" Becomes the National Anthem (1931)
The NFL Mandates the National Anthem Be Played before Games (1945)
Smith and Carlos Give the Black Power Salute at the Olympic Games (1968)
The Olympic Games Protest (1972)
The NBA Suspends Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf for Not Standing during the Anthem (1996)
The NFL Mandates Players Be on the Field for the National Anthem (2009)St. Louis Rams Protest Police Brutality (2014)
University of Missouri Protests Force President's Resignation (2015)
Colin Kaepernick Refuses to Stand for the National Anthem (2016)
Trump Calls for the Firing of Protesting NFL Players (2017)
NFL Protests Spread in Response to Trump Criticisms (2017)
The NFL Creates a Controversial New Anthem Policy (2018)
The White House Cancels Its Super Bowl Championship Celebration (2018)
Impacts of the NFL National Anthem Protests
NFL Protests Impact Corporate SponsorsNFL Protests Affect National Politics
Impact on Other Sports Leagues
Debates on Patriotism and Constitutional Rights
How People Perceive the National Anthem
NFL Protests and Race Relations
Issues of Racial Inequality and Police Brutality
The NFL's Image and Popularity
Profiles. Boyer, Nate (1981-) Former NFL player and military veteran who inspired Colin Kaepernick to kneel in protest
Goodell, Roger (1959-) NFL Commissioner since 2006
Jenkins, Malcolm (1987- ) NFL player who knelt in protest in 2016 and cofounded the Players Coalition
Johnson, Christopher (1959- ) Chairman and CEO of the New York Jets who chose not to fine or suspend protesting playersJones, Jerry (1942- ) Owner, president, and general manager of the Dallas Cowboys who claimed NFL protests negatively affect the league
Kaepernick, Colin (1987- ) Former NFL player and the first player to kneel in protest during the National Anthem
Kraft, Robert (1941- ) New England Patriots owner who supported players' right to protest but remained concerned about financial implications for the league
Long, Chris (1985- ) First white NFL player to participate in protests during the National AnthemReid, Eric (1991- ) Former teammate of Colin Kaepernick and second NFL player to kneel in protest during the National Anthem
Trump, Donald J. (1946- ) Forty-fifth U.S. president, who made the NFL protests a national political issue by criticizing protesting players
Villanueva, Alejandro (1988- ) Pittsburgh Steelers player who stood visibly at the front of the players' tunnel during the National Anthem while teammates remained out of sight inside the tunnel
Further Resources
Index
Landmark Events. "The Star-Spangled Banner" Is Played at a Sporting Event for the First Time (1918)
"The Star-Spangled Banner" Becomes the National Anthem (1931)
The NFL Mandates the National Anthem Be Played before Games (1945)
Smith and Carlos Give the Black Power Salute at the Olympic Games (1968)
The Olympic Games Protest (1972)
The NBA Suspends Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf for Not Standing during the Anthem (1996)
The NFL Mandates Players Be on the Field for the National Anthem (2009)St. Louis Rams Protest Police Brutality (2014)
University of Missouri Protests Force President's Resignation (2015)
Colin Kaepernick Refuses to Stand for the National Anthem (2016)
Trump Calls for the Firing of Protesting NFL Players (2017)
NFL Protests Spread in Response to Trump Criticisms (2017)
The NFL Creates a Controversial New Anthem Policy (2018)
The White House Cancels Its Super Bowl Championship Celebration (2018)
Impacts of the NFL National Anthem Protests
NFL Protests Impact Corporate SponsorsNFL Protests Affect National Politics
Impact on Other Sports Leagues
Debates on Patriotism and Constitutional Rights
How People Perceive the National Anthem
NFL Protests and Race Relations
Issues of Racial Inequality and Police Brutality
The NFL's Image and Popularity
Profiles. Boyer, Nate (1981-) Former NFL player and military veteran who inspired Colin Kaepernick to kneel in protest
Goodell, Roger (1959-) NFL Commissioner since 2006
Jenkins, Malcolm (1987- ) NFL player who knelt in protest in 2016 and cofounded the Players Coalition
Johnson, Christopher (1959- ) Chairman and CEO of the New York Jets who chose not to fine or suspend protesting playersJones, Jerry (1942- ) Owner, president, and general manager of the Dallas Cowboys who claimed NFL protests negatively affect the league
Kaepernick, Colin (1987- ) Former NFL player and the first player to kneel in protest during the National Anthem
Kraft, Robert (1941- ) New England Patriots owner who supported players' right to protest but remained concerned about financial implications for the league
Long, Chris (1985- ) First white NFL player to participate in protests during the National AnthemReid, Eric (1991- ) Former teammate of Colin Kaepernick and second NFL player to kneel in protest during the National Anthem
Trump, Donald J. (1946- ) Forty-fifth U.S. president, who made the NFL protests a national political issue by criticizing protesting players
Villanueva, Alejandro (1988- ) Pittsburgh Steelers player who stood visibly at the front of the players' tunnel during the National Anthem while teammates remained out of sight inside the tunnel
Further Resources
Index