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Intro; Foreword; Preface; Contents; Contributors; Part I: Background; 1: Historical Background and Rationale; 1.1 Historical Background; 1.1.1 Anatomy and Physiology; 1.1.2 Vein Wall Recovery; 1.1.3 Comparative Studies Between Ablative and Saphenous Vein Sparing Surgery; 1.2 Rationale; Literature; 2: Functional Anatomy of Leg Veins; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Anatomical Compartments; 2.2.1 Muscular Compartment; 2.2.2 Epifascial Compartment; 2.2.3 The Fascial Compartment of the Saphenous Veins; 2.2.4 Schematic Representation of Venous Networks; 2.3 Hierarchical Order of Emptying.
2.3.1 Anatomical Aspects of the Venous Drainage2.3.2 Blood Flow in the Different Compartments; 2.4 Perforator Anatomy and Pathophysiological Significance; 2.4.1 Classification and Anatomy of Perforating Veins; 2.4.2 Flow Direction Through Perforating Veins; 2.4.3 Perforating Veins as Equalizers Between the Compartments; 2.4.4 Clinical and Therapeutical Implications of Incompetent Perforating Veins; 2.5 Venous Valves; 2.6 Histology of the Venous Wall; 2.6.1 Histology of the Saphenous Veins and Epifascial Branches; 2.6.2 Histology of the Venous Wall and Physiological Implications.
2.6.3 Compliance of the Venous Wall2.6.4 Wall Contraction of Control and Diseased Veins in Response to Physiologic Regulators of the Venous Tone; Literature; 3: Venous Reflux Patterns; 3.1 Venous Haemodynamics and Related Laws of Physics; 3.1.1 Why Does Blood Flow in a Vein?; 3.1.2 Physics Laws Applying to Venous Haemodynamics; 3.1.3 Relation of the Veins with the Surrounding Tissue; 3.1.4 Flow and Hydrostatic Pressure; 3.1.5 Laminar and Turbulent Flow; 3.2 Characteristics of Blood Flow in Leg Veins; 3.2.1 Definitions of Flow and Reflux.
3.2.2 Velocity-Curve Shapes of Flow and Reflux3.2.3 Draining Versus Refluxing Flow; 3.3 Pathological Compartment Jumps; 3.4 Reflux Sources; 3.4.1 Reflux Sources from Deep Veins into Saphenous Trunk (N1 ₂!N2); 3.4.2 Reflux Sources from Deep Veins into Varicose Tributaries (N1 ₂!N3); 3.4.3 Reflux Sources from Saphenous Trunks into Tributaries (N2 ₂!N3); 3.4.4 Retrograde Flow in Saphenous Veins with No Proximal Reflux Source; 3.4.5 Reflux Sources Above the Inguinal Ligament; 3.4.6 Bone Perforator Reflux; 3.5 Re-entry Points; 3.5.1 Re-entry from Saphenous Trunks (N2-N1).
3.5.2 Re-entry from Refluxive Tributaries to the Deep Veins (N3-N1)3.5.3 Flow Analysis in Perforating Veins; 3.5.4 Re-entry from a Tributary into a Saphenous Vein (N3-N2); 3.5.5 Re-entry from a Tributary Through a Poorly Drained Venous Network; 3.5.6 Drained and Poorly Drained Systems; 3.5.6.1 Drained System; 3.5.6.2 Poorly Drained System; 3.6 Combination of Reflux Sources and Re-entry Points; 3.7 Shunt Concept and Classification; 3.7.1 Closed Shunt; 3.7.2 Open Deviated Shunt; 3.7.3 Open Bypassing Shunt (Franceschi: Open Vicarious Shunt).
2.3.1 Anatomical Aspects of the Venous Drainage2.3.2 Blood Flow in the Different Compartments; 2.4 Perforator Anatomy and Pathophysiological Significance; 2.4.1 Classification and Anatomy of Perforating Veins; 2.4.2 Flow Direction Through Perforating Veins; 2.4.3 Perforating Veins as Equalizers Between the Compartments; 2.4.4 Clinical and Therapeutical Implications of Incompetent Perforating Veins; 2.5 Venous Valves; 2.6 Histology of the Venous Wall; 2.6.1 Histology of the Saphenous Veins and Epifascial Branches; 2.6.2 Histology of the Venous Wall and Physiological Implications.
2.6.3 Compliance of the Venous Wall2.6.4 Wall Contraction of Control and Diseased Veins in Response to Physiologic Regulators of the Venous Tone; Literature; 3: Venous Reflux Patterns; 3.1 Venous Haemodynamics and Related Laws of Physics; 3.1.1 Why Does Blood Flow in a Vein?; 3.1.2 Physics Laws Applying to Venous Haemodynamics; 3.1.3 Relation of the Veins with the Surrounding Tissue; 3.1.4 Flow and Hydrostatic Pressure; 3.1.5 Laminar and Turbulent Flow; 3.2 Characteristics of Blood Flow in Leg Veins; 3.2.1 Definitions of Flow and Reflux.
3.2.2 Velocity-Curve Shapes of Flow and Reflux3.2.3 Draining Versus Refluxing Flow; 3.3 Pathological Compartment Jumps; 3.4 Reflux Sources; 3.4.1 Reflux Sources from Deep Veins into Saphenous Trunk (N1 ₂!N2); 3.4.2 Reflux Sources from Deep Veins into Varicose Tributaries (N1 ₂!N3); 3.4.3 Reflux Sources from Saphenous Trunks into Tributaries (N2 ₂!N3); 3.4.4 Retrograde Flow in Saphenous Veins with No Proximal Reflux Source; 3.4.5 Reflux Sources Above the Inguinal Ligament; 3.4.6 Bone Perforator Reflux; 3.5 Re-entry Points; 3.5.1 Re-entry from Saphenous Trunks (N2-N1).
3.5.2 Re-entry from Refluxive Tributaries to the Deep Veins (N3-N1)3.5.3 Flow Analysis in Perforating Veins; 3.5.4 Re-entry from a Tributary into a Saphenous Vein (N3-N2); 3.5.5 Re-entry from a Tributary Through a Poorly Drained Venous Network; 3.5.6 Drained and Poorly Drained Systems; 3.5.6.1 Drained System; 3.5.6.2 Poorly Drained System; 3.6 Combination of Reflux Sources and Re-entry Points; 3.7 Shunt Concept and Classification; 3.7.1 Closed Shunt; 3.7.2 Open Deviated Shunt; 3.7.3 Open Bypassing Shunt (Franceschi: Open Vicarious Shunt).