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Intro; Preface to the Series; Foreword; Preface; Contents; Heart Failure in Adult Congenital Heart Disease; Part I: Heart Failure in ACHD; 1: Incidence and Prevalence of Heart Failure in Adults with Congenital Heart Disease; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Definition of Heart Failure, Prevalence, and Incidence; 1.3 Scope of the Problem; 1.4 Summary and Outlook; References; 2: Pathophysiology and Causes of Heart Failure in Adult Congenital Heart Disease; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Pathophysiology of Heart Failure; 2.2.1 Left Ventricular Dysfunction; 2.2.2 Right Ventricular Dysfunction.
2.2.2.1 Metabolic Adaptations to Pressure Overload2.2.2.2 Metabolic Response to Chronic Volume Overload; 2.2.2.3 Ischemia; 2.2.2.4 Neurohormonal Activation; 2.2.3 Mechanical and Functional Interdependence Between the RV and LV; 2.2.4 Diastolic Dysfunction; 2.3 Causes of Heart Failure in Congenital Heart Disease; 2.3.1 Genetics; 2.3.2 Hemodynamic Sequelae of Congenital Heart Disease; 2.3.3 Myocardial Fibrosis; 2.3.4 Cyanosis; 2.3.5 Ischemia; 2.3.6 Arrhythmia; 2.3.7 Acquired Heart Disease; 2.4 Clinical Scenarios of Heart Failure in Congenital Heart Disease; References.
3: Definition and Diagnosis of Heart Failure in Adult Congenital Heart Disease3.1 Introduction; 3.2 General Definitions Considered; 3.3 Diagnostic Criteria Used in Existing Publications; 3.4 Criteria Used in ACHD Studies; 3.5 Diagnostic Challenges in ACHD; 3.6 The Heart Failure Continuum; 3.7 Additional Considerations; 3.7.1 Fontan Failure; 3.7.2 Advanced Heart Failure; 3.8 Diagnostic Tools for Heart Failure in ACHD; 3.8.1 Symptoms; 3.8.2 Electrocardiography; 3.8.3 Chest X-Ray; 3.8.4 Echocardiogram; 3.8.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and CT Scanning.
3.8.6 Cardiac Catheterization3.8.7 Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test; 3.8.8 Laboratory Testing; 3.8.8.1 Thyroid Dysfunction; 3.8.8.2 Natriuretic Peptides; 3.8.8.3 Lung Function Tests; 3.9 Mortality Impact; References; 4: Risk Stratification and Prognosis; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Medical History; 4.2.1 Congenital Defect and Corrective Surgery; 4.2.2 Genetics; 4.2.3 Age; 4.2.4 Sex; 4.2.5 Previous (Re)Interventions; 4.2.6 Previous Heart Failure or Arrhythmia; 4.2.7 Cardiac Medication Use; 4.2.8 Clinical Symptoms of Heart Failure; 4.3 Physical Examination.
4.3.1 Clinical Signs of Heart Failure4.3.2 Oxygen Saturation; 4.4 Electrocardiography and Holter Monitoring; 4.5 Transthoracic Echocardiography; 4.5.1 Systolic Ventricular Function; 4.5.2 Ventricular and Atrial Dilatation; 4.5.3 Shunt Lesions and Valve Disease; 4.5.4 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension; 4.5.5 Novel Echocardiographic Techniques; 4.6 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging; 4.6.1 Ventricular Function and Volumes; 4.6.2 Myocardial Fibrosis; 4.6.3 Deformation Imaging; 4.7 Cardiac Computed Tomography; 4.8 Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing; 4.8.1 Peak Oxygen Uptake.
2.2.2.1 Metabolic Adaptations to Pressure Overload2.2.2.2 Metabolic Response to Chronic Volume Overload; 2.2.2.3 Ischemia; 2.2.2.4 Neurohormonal Activation; 2.2.3 Mechanical and Functional Interdependence Between the RV and LV; 2.2.4 Diastolic Dysfunction; 2.3 Causes of Heart Failure in Congenital Heart Disease; 2.3.1 Genetics; 2.3.2 Hemodynamic Sequelae of Congenital Heart Disease; 2.3.3 Myocardial Fibrosis; 2.3.4 Cyanosis; 2.3.5 Ischemia; 2.3.6 Arrhythmia; 2.3.7 Acquired Heart Disease; 2.4 Clinical Scenarios of Heart Failure in Congenital Heart Disease; References.
3: Definition and Diagnosis of Heart Failure in Adult Congenital Heart Disease3.1 Introduction; 3.2 General Definitions Considered; 3.3 Diagnostic Criteria Used in Existing Publications; 3.4 Criteria Used in ACHD Studies; 3.5 Diagnostic Challenges in ACHD; 3.6 The Heart Failure Continuum; 3.7 Additional Considerations; 3.7.1 Fontan Failure; 3.7.2 Advanced Heart Failure; 3.8 Diagnostic Tools for Heart Failure in ACHD; 3.8.1 Symptoms; 3.8.2 Electrocardiography; 3.8.3 Chest X-Ray; 3.8.4 Echocardiogram; 3.8.5 Magnetic Resonance Imaging and CT Scanning.
3.8.6 Cardiac Catheterization3.8.7 Cardiopulmonary Exercise Test; 3.8.8 Laboratory Testing; 3.8.8.1 Thyroid Dysfunction; 3.8.8.2 Natriuretic Peptides; 3.8.8.3 Lung Function Tests; 3.9 Mortality Impact; References; 4: Risk Stratification and Prognosis; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Medical History; 4.2.1 Congenital Defect and Corrective Surgery; 4.2.2 Genetics; 4.2.3 Age; 4.2.4 Sex; 4.2.5 Previous (Re)Interventions; 4.2.6 Previous Heart Failure or Arrhythmia; 4.2.7 Cardiac Medication Use; 4.2.8 Clinical Symptoms of Heart Failure; 4.3 Physical Examination.
4.3.1 Clinical Signs of Heart Failure4.3.2 Oxygen Saturation; 4.4 Electrocardiography and Holter Monitoring; 4.5 Transthoracic Echocardiography; 4.5.1 Systolic Ventricular Function; 4.5.2 Ventricular and Atrial Dilatation; 4.5.3 Shunt Lesions and Valve Disease; 4.5.4 Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension; 4.5.5 Novel Echocardiographic Techniques; 4.6 Cardiac Magnetic Resonance Imaging; 4.6.1 Ventricular Function and Volumes; 4.6.2 Myocardial Fibrosis; 4.6.3 Deformation Imaging; 4.7 Cardiac Computed Tomography; 4.8 Cardiopulmonary Exercise Testing; 4.8.1 Peak Oxygen Uptake.