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Table of Contents
Intro; Dedication; Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; About the Author; Chapter 1: Introduction to Forensic Audio Analysis: Authenticity, Enhancement, and Interpretation; References; Chapter 2: Fundamentals of Audio Signals and Systems; 2.1 Sound; 2.2 Sound Pressure Level; 2.3 Wavelength, Frequency, and Spectrum; 2.4 Wave Propagation and Spherical Spreading; 2.4.1 Reflections and Reverberation; 2.4.2 Microphone Directionality; 2.5 Human Hearing Characteristics; 2.5.1 Anatomy and Physiology of the Ear; 2.5.2 Psychoacoustics; 2.5.3 Frequency Weighting in SPL Measurements
2.5.4 Speech Intelligibility2.6 Signal Processing; 2.7 Digital Audio; 2.8 Perceptual Audio Coding; References; Chapter 3: History of Audio Forensics; 3.1 McKeever Case; 3.2 McMillan Case; 3.3 FBI Procedures; 3.4 The Watergate Tapes; 3.5 Reevaluation of the Assassination of President Kennedy; 3.6 Talker Identification and "Voiceprints"; References; Chapter 4: Handling Forensic Evidence; 4.1 Basic Tools: Audio Playback, Waveform View, and Spectrographic View; 4.1.1 Audio Playback System; 4.1.2 Waveform View; 4.1.3 Spectrographic View; 4.2 Starting the Examination; 4.2.1 Initial Aural Evaluation
4.2.2 Critical Listening4.2.3 Waveform Analysis; 4.2.4 Spectral Analysis; References; Chapter 5: Authenticity Assessment; 5.1 Historic Context: Authenticity of Analog Magnetic Tape Recordings; 5.1.1 Physical Inspection; 5.1.2 Magnetic Development; 5.2 Current Context: Authenticity of Digital Audio Recordings; 5.2.1 Identifying Edits: Splicing and Mixing; 5.2.2 Other Authenticity Observations; 5.2.3 Electrical Network Frequency (ENF) Analysis; 5.2.4 Metadata Consistency; References; Chapter 6: Audio Signal Enhancement; 6.1 Enhancement Assessment; 6.2 Speech: Quality Vs. Intelligibility
6.3 Techniques for Forensic Audio Enhancement6.3.1 Filtering and Equalization; 6.3.2 Gain Compression and Expansion; 6.3.3 Other Important Techniques; References; Chapter 7: Forensic Interpretation; 7.1 Scientific Integrity; 7.2 Methods and Reliability; 7.2.1 Example 1: Simultaneous Recordings from Different Locations; 7.2.2 Example 2: Recording Involving Doppler and Converting to Speed; 7.2.3 Example 3: Sound Level Vs. Distance; 7.3 Likelihood Ratios; References; Chapter 8: Expert Reports and Testimony; 8.1 Qualification as an Expert; 8.2 The Expert Report; 8.3 Expert Testimony
8.3.1 The Role of the Expert8.3.2 Deposition; 8.3.3 Testimony and Demeanor; 8.3.4 Cross-Examination; References; Chapter 9: Application Example 1: Gunshot Acoustics; 9.1 Firearm Principles; 9.2 Firearm Acoustics; 9.2.1 Muzzle Blast; 9.2.2 Mechanical Action; 9.2.3 Supersonic Projectile; 9.2.4 Surface Vibration; 9.3 Example Demonstration Gunshot Recordings; 9.3.1 Rifle Shot with Supersonic Projectile; 9.3.2 Pistol Shot with Subsonic Projectile; 9.3.3 Revolver Shot with Subsonic Projectile; 9.4 Example Forensic Gunshot Recordings; 9.4.1 Example Forensic Recording 1: Gunshots, Taser, and Speech
2.5.4 Speech Intelligibility2.6 Signal Processing; 2.7 Digital Audio; 2.8 Perceptual Audio Coding; References; Chapter 3: History of Audio Forensics; 3.1 McKeever Case; 3.2 McMillan Case; 3.3 FBI Procedures; 3.4 The Watergate Tapes; 3.5 Reevaluation of the Assassination of President Kennedy; 3.6 Talker Identification and "Voiceprints"; References; Chapter 4: Handling Forensic Evidence; 4.1 Basic Tools: Audio Playback, Waveform View, and Spectrographic View; 4.1.1 Audio Playback System; 4.1.2 Waveform View; 4.1.3 Spectrographic View; 4.2 Starting the Examination; 4.2.1 Initial Aural Evaluation
4.2.2 Critical Listening4.2.3 Waveform Analysis; 4.2.4 Spectral Analysis; References; Chapter 5: Authenticity Assessment; 5.1 Historic Context: Authenticity of Analog Magnetic Tape Recordings; 5.1.1 Physical Inspection; 5.1.2 Magnetic Development; 5.2 Current Context: Authenticity of Digital Audio Recordings; 5.2.1 Identifying Edits: Splicing and Mixing; 5.2.2 Other Authenticity Observations; 5.2.3 Electrical Network Frequency (ENF) Analysis; 5.2.4 Metadata Consistency; References; Chapter 6: Audio Signal Enhancement; 6.1 Enhancement Assessment; 6.2 Speech: Quality Vs. Intelligibility
6.3 Techniques for Forensic Audio Enhancement6.3.1 Filtering and Equalization; 6.3.2 Gain Compression and Expansion; 6.3.3 Other Important Techniques; References; Chapter 7: Forensic Interpretation; 7.1 Scientific Integrity; 7.2 Methods and Reliability; 7.2.1 Example 1: Simultaneous Recordings from Different Locations; 7.2.2 Example 2: Recording Involving Doppler and Converting to Speed; 7.2.3 Example 3: Sound Level Vs. Distance; 7.3 Likelihood Ratios; References; Chapter 8: Expert Reports and Testimony; 8.1 Qualification as an Expert; 8.2 The Expert Report; 8.3 Expert Testimony
8.3.1 The Role of the Expert8.3.2 Deposition; 8.3.3 Testimony and Demeanor; 8.3.4 Cross-Examination; References; Chapter 9: Application Example 1: Gunshot Acoustics; 9.1 Firearm Principles; 9.2 Firearm Acoustics; 9.2.1 Muzzle Blast; 9.2.2 Mechanical Action; 9.2.3 Supersonic Projectile; 9.2.4 Surface Vibration; 9.3 Example Demonstration Gunshot Recordings; 9.3.1 Rifle Shot with Supersonic Projectile; 9.3.2 Pistol Shot with Subsonic Projectile; 9.3.3 Revolver Shot with Subsonic Projectile; 9.4 Example Forensic Gunshot Recordings; 9.4.1 Example Forensic Recording 1: Gunshots, Taser, and Speech