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Intro; Preface; References; Contents; Free-Living Protozoa with Endosymbiotic Methanogens; 1 Discovery; 2 Distribution; 3 Morphology and Life Cycles; 4 Significance of the Association; 5 Intracellular H2-Tension and Methanogens; 6 Symbiotic Consortia as Natural Chemostats; 7 The Role of Symbiotic Methanogenesis in Natural Habitats; References; Anaerobic Ciliates and Their Methanogenic Endosymbionts; 1 Introduction; 2 Methanogenic Endosymbionts Are Transmitted Vertically; 3 Studies of the SSU rRNA Genes of Host and Symbiont; 4 Endosymbiont Replacements; References
Symbiotic Methanogens and Rumen Ciliates1 The Rumen and Ciliated Protozoa; 2 Methanogens Associated with Rumen Ciliates; 3 Detection of Methanogens Associated with Ciliates; 4 The Effect of Ciliated Protozoa on the Composition of Methanogenic Archaea in the Rumen; References; Methanogenic and Bacterial Endosymbionts of Free-Living Anaerobic Ciliates; 1 Anaerobic Ciliate Trimyema compressum; 2 Methanogenic Symbiont; 3 Bacterial Symbiont; 4 Genome Sequence of Bacterial Symbiont; 5 Bacterial Symbiont in Other Anaerobic Ciliates; 6 Perspectives; References
Termite Gut Flagellates and Their Methanogenic and Eubacterial Symbionts1 Introduction; 2 Methanogenic Endosymbionts of Termite Gut Flagellates; 2.1 Phylogeny of Endosymbiotic Methanogens; 2.2 Predicted Functions of Endosymbiotic Methanogens; 3 Eubacterial Symbionts of Termite Gut Flagellates; 3.1 Phylogeny of Ectosymbiotic Eubacteria; 3.2 Phylogeny of Endosymbiotic Eubacteria; 3.3 Predicted Functions of Eubacterial Ecto- and Endosymbionts; 4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives; References; Methanogens in the Digestive Tract of Termites; 1 Introduction
2 Methane as a Product of Symbiotic Digestion3 Diversity of Methanogens in Termite Guts; 4 Structure of the Methanogenic Communities; 5 Differences in Methanogenic Activities and Populations; 6 Coexistence with Homoacetogens; 7 Association with Gut Flagellates; 8 Intercompartmental Transfer of Hydrogen; 9 Relationship to Oxygen; 10 Termites as a Source of Atmospheric Methane; 11 Conclusions; References; Methanogenic Archaea in Humans and Other Vertebrates: An Update; 1 Scope and Objective; 2 Introduction; 3 Dynamics of Methanogens in Humans; 4 Newly Described Methanogens in Humans
5 Methanogens in Human Disease6 Trimethylaminuria; 7 Methanogens in Animals; 8 Methods; 9 Basic Concepts and Facts; 10 Conclusions and Perspectives; References; Methanogens in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Animals; 1 Introduction; 2 Vertebrates; 3 Conclusions: Vertebrates; 4 Arthropods; 5 Conclusions: Arthropods; References; Syntrophy in Methanogenic Degradation; 1 Introduction; 2 Syntrophic Culture Systems, Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology; 2.1 Ethanol; 2.2 Butyrate; 2.3 Propionate; 2.4 Acetate; 2.5 Branched Fatty Acids; 2.6 Benzoate; 2.7 Sugars; 2.8 Amino Acids
Symbiotic Methanogens and Rumen Ciliates1 The Rumen and Ciliated Protozoa; 2 Methanogens Associated with Rumen Ciliates; 3 Detection of Methanogens Associated with Ciliates; 4 The Effect of Ciliated Protozoa on the Composition of Methanogenic Archaea in the Rumen; References; Methanogenic and Bacterial Endosymbionts of Free-Living Anaerobic Ciliates; 1 Anaerobic Ciliate Trimyema compressum; 2 Methanogenic Symbiont; 3 Bacterial Symbiont; 4 Genome Sequence of Bacterial Symbiont; 5 Bacterial Symbiont in Other Anaerobic Ciliates; 6 Perspectives; References
Termite Gut Flagellates and Their Methanogenic and Eubacterial Symbionts1 Introduction; 2 Methanogenic Endosymbionts of Termite Gut Flagellates; 2.1 Phylogeny of Endosymbiotic Methanogens; 2.2 Predicted Functions of Endosymbiotic Methanogens; 3 Eubacterial Symbionts of Termite Gut Flagellates; 3.1 Phylogeny of Ectosymbiotic Eubacteria; 3.2 Phylogeny of Endosymbiotic Eubacteria; 3.3 Predicted Functions of Eubacterial Ecto- and Endosymbionts; 4 Concluding Remarks and Future Perspectives; References; Methanogens in the Digestive Tract of Termites; 1 Introduction
2 Methane as a Product of Symbiotic Digestion3 Diversity of Methanogens in Termite Guts; 4 Structure of the Methanogenic Communities; 5 Differences in Methanogenic Activities and Populations; 6 Coexistence with Homoacetogens; 7 Association with Gut Flagellates; 8 Intercompartmental Transfer of Hydrogen; 9 Relationship to Oxygen; 10 Termites as a Source of Atmospheric Methane; 11 Conclusions; References; Methanogenic Archaea in Humans and Other Vertebrates: An Update; 1 Scope and Objective; 2 Introduction; 3 Dynamics of Methanogens in Humans; 4 Newly Described Methanogens in Humans
5 Methanogens in Human Disease6 Trimethylaminuria; 7 Methanogens in Animals; 8 Methods; 9 Basic Concepts and Facts; 10 Conclusions and Perspectives; References; Methanogens in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Animals; 1 Introduction; 2 Vertebrates; 3 Conclusions: Vertebrates; 4 Arthropods; 5 Conclusions: Arthropods; References; Syntrophy in Methanogenic Degradation; 1 Introduction; 2 Syntrophic Culture Systems, Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology; 2.1 Ethanol; 2.2 Butyrate; 2.3 Propionate; 2.4 Acetate; 2.5 Branched Fatty Acids; 2.6 Benzoate; 2.7 Sugars; 2.8 Amino Acids