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Table of Contents
Intro; Acknowledgements; Contents; Part I: Characteristics of Current Plant Factories and Next Generation Plant Factory; Chapter 1: Current Status of Plant Factories with Artificial Lighting (PFALs) and Smart PFALs; 1.1 Introduction: Food, Resource, and Environment Trilemma; 1.1.1 Contribution of Plant Factories with Artificial Lighting (PFALs) to Solving the Trilemma; 1.1.2 Reducing the Loss of Fresh Vegetables in Urban Areas Using PFALs; 1.1.3 Waste Produced in Urban Areas Can Be Used as Essential Resources for Plant Production; 1.2 Characteristics and Main Components of the PFAL
1.2.1 Characteristics of the PFAL1.2.2 Difference Between PFAL and PFSL; 1.2.3 Main Components of the PFAL; 1.3 Current Status of PFALs; 1.3.1 Estimated Number of PFALs; 1.3.2 Production Capacity, Production Cost, and Wholesale Price; 1.3.3 Plants Suited to PFALs; 1.4 Main Objectives and Outline of This Book; 1.5 Image of the Smart PFAL; 1.6 Expected Ultimate Functions of the Smart PFAL; 1.7 Using Global Technology to Enhance the Quality of Local Culture and Technology; 1.8 Conclusions; References; Chapter 2: Plant Factories with Artificial Lighting (PFALs): Benefits, Problems, and Challenges
2.1 Introduction2.2 Potential and Actualized Benefits of the PFAL; 2.3 Current Unsolved Problems of PFALs; 2.3.1 Actions Required for Solving the Problems; 2.3.2 Some Specific Technical Problems; 2.4 Actions Required for Enhancing PFAL RandD and Business; 2.5 Challenges for the Smart PFAL; 2.6 Conclusion; References; Chapter 3: Protocols, Issues and Potential Improvements of Current Cultivation Systems; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Hydroponic System; 3.2.1 Irrigation Methods; 3.2.1.1 The Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) System; 3.2.1.2 The Deep Flow Technique (DFT) System
3.2.1.3 Modified Hybrid System3.2.1.4 Spray System; 3.2.1.5 Ebb and Flow System; 3.2.1.6 Drip Irrigation System; 3.2.1.7 Wicking System; 3.2.2 Nutrient Solutions; 3.2.2.1 Nutrient Composition; 3.2.2.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC); 3.2.2.3 Management of pH; 3.2.2.4 Nutrient Solution Temperature; 3.3 Lighting System and Light Aspects; 3.3.1 Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) and Light Period; 3.3.2 Light Spectrum; 3.4 Set Points of Air Temperature, VPD, CO2 Concentration and Air Current Speed; 3.5 Air Conditioning System and Air Circulation; 3.5.1 Air Conditioning System
3.5.2 Air Circulation3.6 Salinity Control and Sterilization of Nutrient Solution; 3.6.1 Salinity Control; 3.6.2 Sterilization of Nutrient Solution; 3.6.2.1 The UV Sterilization Method; 3.6.2.2 The Ozone (O3) Sterilization Method; 3.6.2.3 The Heat Sterilization Method; 3.6.2.4 Silver/Titanium Oxide Utilization Method; 3.6.2.5 Sand Filtration Method; 3.6.2.6 Other Sterilization Methods; 3.7 Floor Layout; 3.8 Plant Species and Cultivars; 3.9 Issues to Be Solved; 3.9.1 Light; 3.9.2 Temperature; 3.9.3 Element Balance in Nutrient Solution; 3.9.4 pH Adjustment; 3.9.5 Algae; 3.9.6 Tip Burn
1.2.1 Characteristics of the PFAL1.2.2 Difference Between PFAL and PFSL; 1.2.3 Main Components of the PFAL; 1.3 Current Status of PFALs; 1.3.1 Estimated Number of PFALs; 1.3.2 Production Capacity, Production Cost, and Wholesale Price; 1.3.3 Plants Suited to PFALs; 1.4 Main Objectives and Outline of This Book; 1.5 Image of the Smart PFAL; 1.6 Expected Ultimate Functions of the Smart PFAL; 1.7 Using Global Technology to Enhance the Quality of Local Culture and Technology; 1.8 Conclusions; References; Chapter 2: Plant Factories with Artificial Lighting (PFALs): Benefits, Problems, and Challenges
2.1 Introduction2.2 Potential and Actualized Benefits of the PFAL; 2.3 Current Unsolved Problems of PFALs; 2.3.1 Actions Required for Solving the Problems; 2.3.2 Some Specific Technical Problems; 2.4 Actions Required for Enhancing PFAL RandD and Business; 2.5 Challenges for the Smart PFAL; 2.6 Conclusion; References; Chapter 3: Protocols, Issues and Potential Improvements of Current Cultivation Systems; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Hydroponic System; 3.2.1 Irrigation Methods; 3.2.1.1 The Nutrient Film Technique (NFT) System; 3.2.1.2 The Deep Flow Technique (DFT) System
3.2.1.3 Modified Hybrid System3.2.1.4 Spray System; 3.2.1.5 Ebb and Flow System; 3.2.1.6 Drip Irrigation System; 3.2.1.7 Wicking System; 3.2.2 Nutrient Solutions; 3.2.2.1 Nutrient Composition; 3.2.2.2 Electrical Conductivity (EC); 3.2.2.3 Management of pH; 3.2.2.4 Nutrient Solution Temperature; 3.3 Lighting System and Light Aspects; 3.3.1 Photosynthetic Photon Flux Density (PPFD) and Light Period; 3.3.2 Light Spectrum; 3.4 Set Points of Air Temperature, VPD, CO2 Concentration and Air Current Speed; 3.5 Air Conditioning System and Air Circulation; 3.5.1 Air Conditioning System
3.5.2 Air Circulation3.6 Salinity Control and Sterilization of Nutrient Solution; 3.6.1 Salinity Control; 3.6.2 Sterilization of Nutrient Solution; 3.6.2.1 The UV Sterilization Method; 3.6.2.2 The Ozone (O3) Sterilization Method; 3.6.2.3 The Heat Sterilization Method; 3.6.2.4 Silver/Titanium Oxide Utilization Method; 3.6.2.5 Sand Filtration Method; 3.6.2.6 Other Sterilization Methods; 3.7 Floor Layout; 3.8 Plant Species and Cultivars; 3.9 Issues to Be Solved; 3.9.1 Light; 3.9.2 Temperature; 3.9.3 Element Balance in Nutrient Solution; 3.9.4 pH Adjustment; 3.9.5 Algae; 3.9.6 Tip Burn