Intro; Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; Contributors; About the Editors; Abbreviations; 1: Ultraviolet Radiation (UVR): An Introduction; 1.1 Introduction; 1.1.1 Electromagnetic Radiation (EMR); 1.1.2 Nature of Ultraviolet Radiation; 1.1.3 UV Regions of Solar Spectrum; 1.1.4 Nomenclature and Units; 1.1.5 Minimum Erythemal Dose; 1.1.6 Standard Erythemal Dose; 1.1.7 UV Index; 1.1.8 Sources and Exposure of Solar UVR; 1.2 Ozone Depletion; 1.2.1 Production of O3 in Upper Atmosphere; 1.2.2 Consequences of O3 Depletion; 1.2.3 Detection of UVR; 1.3 Conclusion; References

2: UVR-Induced Epigenetic Regulation and Photocarcinogenesis2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Mechanisms of Epigenetic Modification; 2.2.1 DNA Methylation; 2.3 Histone Modifications; 2.4 Noncoding RNAs in Skin Cancer; 2.5 Conclusion; References; 3: Molecular and Genetic Response of Human Skin Under Ultraviolet Radiation; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Effects of Ultraviolet Radiation on Skin; 3.2.1 Ultraviolet Radiation and Vitamin D Synthesis in Skin; 3.2.2 Ultraviolet Radiation and Skin Pigmentation; 3.2.2.1 Molecular Mechanisms of Tanning; 3.3 Genetic Responses to UV Radiation

3.4 Photoproduct Formation3.5 UV and DNA Repair Systems; 3.6 DNA Damage and UV Radiation; 3.6.1 Genes Under UV Threat; 3.6.1.1 Tumor Suppressor Gene p53; 3.6.1.2 PTCH Tumor Suppressor Gene; 3.6.1.3 Ras Proto-Oncogenes; 3.6.1.4 Other Genes; 3.7 Conclusion; References; 4: Photocarcinogenesis and Molecular Mechanism; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Types of Skin Cancer; 4.3 Mechanisms Involved in UVR-Induced Carcinogenesis; 4.3.1 ROS and DNA Damage; 4.3.2 Molecular Mechanisms; 4.3.3 Tumor Suppressor Genes (TSGs); 4.3.4 Oncogenes; 4.3.5 Other Molecules; 4.3.6 Signal Transduction Pathways

4.3.7 Mitochondrial DNA Damage4.3.8 Inflammation Cascade; 4.3.9 Immunosuppression; 4.3.10 Extracellular Remodeling: Network of Collagen, Elastin, and Matrix Metalloproteinases; 4.4 Treatment for Skin Cancer; 4.5 Photoprotection; 4.6 Photoprotective Agents; 4.7 Conclusion; References; 5: Immunomodulation and Photocarcinogenesis; 5.1 The Immune System of Skin; 5.2 UVR-Induced Immunomodulation; 5.3 UVR-Induced Immunosuppression; 5.4 Mechanism of UVR-Mediated Immunomodulation; 5.5 Skin Cancer Immunotherapy; References; 6: Epidemiological Aspects of Photocarcinogenesis

6.1 Introduction6.2 Basal Cell Carcinoma; 6.3 Squamous Cell Carcinoma; 6.4 Cutaneous Melanoma; 6.5 Geographical Variation in UV Radiation; 6.6 Geographical Variation of Skin Pigmentation; 6.7 Geographical Variation of Photocarcinogenesis; 6.7.1 Ethnic Origin; 6.7.2 Place of Residence; 6.8 Factors Responsible for Photocarcinogenesis; 6.8.1 Occupational Exposure; 6.8.2 Anatomic Site; 6.8.3 Total Lifetime Exposure; 6.8.4 Ambient Sunlight Exposure; 6.8.5 Safety Guidelines; 6.9 Conclusion; References; 7: Photoaging; 7.1 Introduction