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Intro; Supervisor Foreword; Preface; Acknowledgments; Contents; Chapter 1: Introduction; 1.1 The Impact of Climate Change on Forests; 1.2 Importance of Forest-Steppe Ecotones to Climate Change Research; 1.3 Advances in Research Methods of Forest Migration; 1.3.1 Paleoecology; 1.3.2 Phylogeography; 1.3.3 Species Distribution Models; 1.3.4 Comprehensive Integration of Various Research Methods; 1.4 Advances in the Study of Glacial Refugia and Postglacial Forest Migrations in Northern China; 1.4.1 Forest Refugia and Local Spread; 1.4.2 Vertical Distribution and Vertical Migration of Forests
1.4.3 Various Responses of Local Forests to Climate Drought1.4.4 Individual Responses of Species to Climate Change; 1.5 Scientific Questions and Hypotheses; References; Chapter 2: Research Area and Research Methods; 2.1 Overview of the Research Area; 2.1.1 Climate of the Research Area; 2.1.2 Vegetation of the Research Area; 2.2 Research Flow; 2.3 Research Methods; 2.3.1 Paleoecology; 2.3.1.1 AMS 14C Dating; 2.3.1.2 Palynological Analysis; 2.3.1.3 Grain Size; 2.3.1.4 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Total Nitrogen (TN); 2.3.1.5 Loss on Ignition (LOI); 2.3.1.6 Constant and Trace Elements
2.3.2 Establishment of a Regional Pollen Database2.3.2.1 Sediment Data in the Forest-Steppe Ecotone in Northern China; 2.3.2.2 Topsoil Pollen Assemblages in Northern China; 2.3.2.3 Regional Climate Indexes of the Holocene; 2.3.3 Phylogeography (Cytoplasmic DNA Analysis); 2.3.3.1 Sample Collection; 2.3.3.2 DNA Extraction, Amplification, and Sequencing; 2.3.3.3 Data Analysis; 2.3.4 Present and LGM Species Distribution Modeling; References; Chapter 3: Glacial Refugia and the Postglacial Migration of Dominant Tree Species in Northern China
3.1 Glacial Refugia and the Postglacial Migration of Pinus tabulaeformis3.1.1 Distribution Change Based on Pollen Data Analysis; 3.1.2 Genetic Diversity Within and Among P. tabulaeformis Populations; 3.1.3 Simulated Present and LGM Distribution of P. tabulaeformis; 3.1.4 Last Glacial Maximum Distribution and Postglacial Migration of Pinus tabulaeformis; 3.2 Glacial Refugia and the Postglacial Migration of Quercus mongolica; 3.2.1 Distribution Change Based on Pollen Data Analysis; 3.2.2 Simulated Present and LGM Distribution of Q. mongolica
3.2.3 Last Glacial Maximum Distribution and Postglacial Migration of Q. mongolica3.3 Glacial Refugia and the Postglacial Migration of Betula platyphylla and Betula dahurica; 3.3.1 Distribution Changes Based on Pollen Data Analysis; 3.3.2 Simulated Present and LGM Distribution of B. platyphylla and B. dahurica; 3.3.3 Last Glacial Maximum Distribution and Postglacial Migration of B. platyphylla and B. dahurica; 3.4 Chapter Summary; References; Chapter 4: Effects of Vertical Migration on Local Vegetation; 4.1 Study methods; 4.1.1 Sediment Pollen Data Collection; 4.1.2 Altitude Range Calculation
1.4.3 Various Responses of Local Forests to Climate Drought1.4.4 Individual Responses of Species to Climate Change; 1.5 Scientific Questions and Hypotheses; References; Chapter 2: Research Area and Research Methods; 2.1 Overview of the Research Area; 2.1.1 Climate of the Research Area; 2.1.2 Vegetation of the Research Area; 2.2 Research Flow; 2.3 Research Methods; 2.3.1 Paleoecology; 2.3.1.1 AMS 14C Dating; 2.3.1.2 Palynological Analysis; 2.3.1.3 Grain Size; 2.3.1.4 Total Organic Carbon (TOC) and Total Nitrogen (TN); 2.3.1.5 Loss on Ignition (LOI); 2.3.1.6 Constant and Trace Elements
2.3.2 Establishment of a Regional Pollen Database2.3.2.1 Sediment Data in the Forest-Steppe Ecotone in Northern China; 2.3.2.2 Topsoil Pollen Assemblages in Northern China; 2.3.2.3 Regional Climate Indexes of the Holocene; 2.3.3 Phylogeography (Cytoplasmic DNA Analysis); 2.3.3.1 Sample Collection; 2.3.3.2 DNA Extraction, Amplification, and Sequencing; 2.3.3.3 Data Analysis; 2.3.4 Present and LGM Species Distribution Modeling; References; Chapter 3: Glacial Refugia and the Postglacial Migration of Dominant Tree Species in Northern China
3.1 Glacial Refugia and the Postglacial Migration of Pinus tabulaeformis3.1.1 Distribution Change Based on Pollen Data Analysis; 3.1.2 Genetic Diversity Within and Among P. tabulaeformis Populations; 3.1.3 Simulated Present and LGM Distribution of P. tabulaeformis; 3.1.4 Last Glacial Maximum Distribution and Postglacial Migration of Pinus tabulaeformis; 3.2 Glacial Refugia and the Postglacial Migration of Quercus mongolica; 3.2.1 Distribution Change Based on Pollen Data Analysis; 3.2.2 Simulated Present and LGM Distribution of Q. mongolica
3.2.3 Last Glacial Maximum Distribution and Postglacial Migration of Q. mongolica3.3 Glacial Refugia and the Postglacial Migration of Betula platyphylla and Betula dahurica; 3.3.1 Distribution Changes Based on Pollen Data Analysis; 3.3.2 Simulated Present and LGM Distribution of B. platyphylla and B. dahurica; 3.3.3 Last Glacial Maximum Distribution and Postglacial Migration of B. platyphylla and B. dahurica; 3.4 Chapter Summary; References; Chapter 4: Effects of Vertical Migration on Local Vegetation; 4.1 Study methods; 4.1.1 Sediment Pollen Data Collection; 4.1.2 Altitude Range Calculation