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Table of Contents
Intro; Acknowledgements; Notation and Abbreviations; Figure Credits; Preface; References; Contents; 1 Introduction; 1.1 Definition and Importance of Swarms; 1.2 Air and Vacuum Pumps; 1.3 Static Electricity; 1.4 Current Electricity; 1.5 Faraday's Laws of Electrochemistry; 1.6 Electrical Conduction; 1.7 Ions; 1.8 Ion Swarms, 1896-1928; 1.9 Ion Diffusion, 1855-1926; 1.10 Electron Swarms, 1900-1922; 1.11 Early Kinetic Theory, 1905-1931; 1.12 Mass Spectrometers; 1.13 Ion Swarms, 1928-1960; 1.14 Electron Swarms, 1922-1965; 1.15 Electron and Ion Swarms, 1960-1975; 1.16 Atomic Ion-Atom Kinetic Theory
1.17 Ion-Neutral Reactions1.18 Improved Kinetic Theories; 1.19 Generalized Einstein Relations; 1.20 Transport with Molecular Systems; References; 2 Experimental Techniques; 2.1 General Assumptions; 2.2 Drift-Tube Mass Spectrometers; 2.2.1 Illustration; 2.2.2 Basics; 2.2.3 Ion Mobility; 2.2.4 Effects of Drift-Tube Length; 2.2.5 Effects of Gas Temperature; 2.2.6 Effects of Gas Pressure; 2.2.7 Effects of Electromagnetic Field; 2.2.8 Effects of Time Measurements; 2.2.9 Calibration of the Entire DTMS; 2.3 Ion Arrival Time Distributions; 2.4 Diffusion in Drift-Tube Mass Spectrometers
2.5 Mixtures of Buffer Gases2.6 Mixtures of Ions; 2.6.1 Mixtures of Atomic Isotopes; 2.6.2 Separation of Ions; 2.7 Ion Mobility Spectrometers; 2.7.1 Low-Field Limits; 2.7.2 Effects of Ion-Neutral Mass Ratio; 2.7.3 Effects of Charge State; 2.7.4 Effects of Chemical Reactions; 2.7.5 False Negatives and False Positives; 2.8 IMS/MS; 2.8.1 Basics; 2.8.2 Effects of Ion Mass in Atomic Systems; 2.8.3 Effects of Structure-Molecular Systems; 2.8.4 High Accuracy IMS/MS; 2.9 Differential IMS (DMS); 2.9.1 Ping-Pong Experiments; 2.9.2 Basics of DMS; 2.9.3 Higher Order DMS; 2.10 Traveling-Wave IMS
2.11 Trapped-Ion IMS2.12 Ion Cyclotron Resonance; 2.13 Ion Traps; 2.14 Laser Probing of Drift Tubes; References; 3 Momentum-Transfer Theory; 3.1 Qualitative Momentum-Transfer Theories; 3.2 Essentials of Momentum-Transfer Theory; 3.3 Relative Speed; 3.4 Cross Sections; 3.4.1 Momentum Transfer in a Collision; 3.4.2 Average Momentum Transfer; 3.5 Average Ion Momentum Lost in a Collision; 3.5.1 Average Drift Speed Between Collisions; 3.5.2 Classification of Collisions; 3.5.3 Archetype Collisions; 3.6 Fundamental Ion Mobility Equation; 3.7 Discussion; References; 4 The Boltzmann Equation
4.1 General Form4.2 The Nonreactive Collision Term; 4.3 Reactive Collision Terms; 4.4 Equilibrium Velocity Distribution Function; 4.5 Properties of an Ion Ensemble; 4.6 Quantum-Mechanical Effects; 4.7 The Maxwell Model; 4.8 Rate Equation of Continuity; References; 5 Moment Methods for Solving the Boltzmann Equation; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 General Moment Equations; 5.3 Successive Approximations; 5.4 Basis Functions in General; 5.5 One-Temperature Basis Functions; 5.6 Two-Temperature Basis Functions; 5.7 Three-Temperature Basis Functions; 5.8 Multi-temperature Basis Functions
1.17 Ion-Neutral Reactions1.18 Improved Kinetic Theories; 1.19 Generalized Einstein Relations; 1.20 Transport with Molecular Systems; References; 2 Experimental Techniques; 2.1 General Assumptions; 2.2 Drift-Tube Mass Spectrometers; 2.2.1 Illustration; 2.2.2 Basics; 2.2.3 Ion Mobility; 2.2.4 Effects of Drift-Tube Length; 2.2.5 Effects of Gas Temperature; 2.2.6 Effects of Gas Pressure; 2.2.7 Effects of Electromagnetic Field; 2.2.8 Effects of Time Measurements; 2.2.9 Calibration of the Entire DTMS; 2.3 Ion Arrival Time Distributions; 2.4 Diffusion in Drift-Tube Mass Spectrometers
2.5 Mixtures of Buffer Gases2.6 Mixtures of Ions; 2.6.1 Mixtures of Atomic Isotopes; 2.6.2 Separation of Ions; 2.7 Ion Mobility Spectrometers; 2.7.1 Low-Field Limits; 2.7.2 Effects of Ion-Neutral Mass Ratio; 2.7.3 Effects of Charge State; 2.7.4 Effects of Chemical Reactions; 2.7.5 False Negatives and False Positives; 2.8 IMS/MS; 2.8.1 Basics; 2.8.2 Effects of Ion Mass in Atomic Systems; 2.8.3 Effects of Structure-Molecular Systems; 2.8.4 High Accuracy IMS/MS; 2.9 Differential IMS (DMS); 2.9.1 Ping-Pong Experiments; 2.9.2 Basics of DMS; 2.9.3 Higher Order DMS; 2.10 Traveling-Wave IMS
2.11 Trapped-Ion IMS2.12 Ion Cyclotron Resonance; 2.13 Ion Traps; 2.14 Laser Probing of Drift Tubes; References; 3 Momentum-Transfer Theory; 3.1 Qualitative Momentum-Transfer Theories; 3.2 Essentials of Momentum-Transfer Theory; 3.3 Relative Speed; 3.4 Cross Sections; 3.4.1 Momentum Transfer in a Collision; 3.4.2 Average Momentum Transfer; 3.5 Average Ion Momentum Lost in a Collision; 3.5.1 Average Drift Speed Between Collisions; 3.5.2 Classification of Collisions; 3.5.3 Archetype Collisions; 3.6 Fundamental Ion Mobility Equation; 3.7 Discussion; References; 4 The Boltzmann Equation
4.1 General Form4.2 The Nonreactive Collision Term; 4.3 Reactive Collision Terms; 4.4 Equilibrium Velocity Distribution Function; 4.5 Properties of an Ion Ensemble; 4.6 Quantum-Mechanical Effects; 4.7 The Maxwell Model; 4.8 Rate Equation of Continuity; References; 5 Moment Methods for Solving the Boltzmann Equation; 5.1 Introduction; 5.2 General Moment Equations; 5.3 Successive Approximations; 5.4 Basis Functions in General; 5.5 One-Temperature Basis Functions; 5.6 Two-Temperature Basis Functions; 5.7 Three-Temperature Basis Functions; 5.8 Multi-temperature Basis Functions