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Table of Contents
Intro; Preface; Contents; Contributors; 1 X-Ray Free Electron Lasers and Their Applications; 1.1 X-Rays and Their Applications; 1.1.1 X-Ray Methods; 1.1.1.1 Scattering; 1.1.1.2 Spectroscopy; 1.1.2 The Evolution of X-Ray Sources; 1.2 X-Ray FELs as User Facilities; 1.2.1 The Physics of Free Electron Lasers; 1.3 The Scientific Applications of X-Ray FELs; 1.3.1 Using the Time Resolution; 1.3.2 Using the High Peak Intensity; 1.3.2.1 Diffraction-Before-Destruction; 1.3.2.2 Using FELs to Create New States of Matter; 1.3.2.3 Nonlinear X-Ray Physics; 1.3.3 Using the Coherence; 1.4 Summary; References
2 Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SFX): An Overview2.1 Background; 2.2 The Need for SFX; 2.2.1 Sample Preparation and Characterization for SFX; 2.2.2 Sample Introduction for SFX; 2.2.3 Data Analysis for SFX; 2.3 Early Experiments of Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SFX); 2.3.1 The "Birth" of SFX; 2.3.2 SFX at High Resolution; 2.3.3 SFX of G-Protein Coupled Receptors; 2.3.4 Phasing of SFX Data; 2.3.5 Time-Resolved SFX; 2.3.6 Imperfect Crystals and the Push Toward Crystal-Free Imaging; 2.3.7 Towards Single Particle X-ray Diffraction
2.3.8 Structure Determination Based on fs Small and Wide Angle Solution X-ray Scattering2.4 Pushing SFX Forward; 2.4.1 Serial Operations at Beamlines for SFX at Current X-ray FELs; 2.4.2 New Experimental Endstations for X-ray FEL Experiments; 2.4.3 Higher Repetition Rate X-ray FELs; 2.5 Outlook; References; 3 Small Is Beautiful: Growth and Detection of Nanocrystals; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Nanocrystallogenesis; 3.2.1 Thermodynamics of Solubility and Nucleation; 3.2.2 Methods; 3.2.2.1 Adaptation of Existing Conditions; 3.2.2.2 Free Interface Diffusion; 3.2.2.3 Batch Nanocrystallization
3.2.2.4 Other Methods and Sample Delivery Considerations3.2.3 Stability and Storage; 3.3 Considerations and Characterization for SFX Optimization; 3.3.1 Characteristics: What Is Optimal?; 3.3.1.1 Data Analysis Considerations; 3.3.1.2 Practicality: Sample and Hardware; 3.3.1.3 Control of Homogeneity Through Post Growth Methods; 3.3.2 Characterization; 3.3.2.1 Optical Detection: Visualizing Your Crystals; 3.3.2.2 Light Scattering Techniques for Size Determination; 3.3.2.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy; 3.3.2.4 Powder Diffraction; 3.4 Recap; References
4 The Lipid Cubic Phase as a Medium for the Growth of Membrane Protein Microcrystals4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Procedure for the Preparation and Characterization of Microcrystals for LCP-SFX; 4.2.1 Membrane Protein Reconstitution in LCP (Modified from Ref. [28]); 4.2.2 Sample Consolidation and Titration With 7.9 MAG; 4.2.3 Microcrystal Characterization; 4.2.4 Adjusting Crystal Density; 4.2.5 Loading the Sample in an LCP Injector for LCP-SFX Data Collection; 4.3 Results; 4.4 Conclusion; References; 5 Sample Delivery Techniques for Serial Crystallography; 5.1 Overview; 5.1.1 Fluid Mechanics for Crystallographers
2 Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SFX): An Overview2.1 Background; 2.2 The Need for SFX; 2.2.1 Sample Preparation and Characterization for SFX; 2.2.2 Sample Introduction for SFX; 2.2.3 Data Analysis for SFX; 2.3 Early Experiments of Serial Femtosecond Crystallography (SFX); 2.3.1 The "Birth" of SFX; 2.3.2 SFX at High Resolution; 2.3.3 SFX of G-Protein Coupled Receptors; 2.3.4 Phasing of SFX Data; 2.3.5 Time-Resolved SFX; 2.3.6 Imperfect Crystals and the Push Toward Crystal-Free Imaging; 2.3.7 Towards Single Particle X-ray Diffraction
2.3.8 Structure Determination Based on fs Small and Wide Angle Solution X-ray Scattering2.4 Pushing SFX Forward; 2.4.1 Serial Operations at Beamlines for SFX at Current X-ray FELs; 2.4.2 New Experimental Endstations for X-ray FEL Experiments; 2.4.3 Higher Repetition Rate X-ray FELs; 2.5 Outlook; References; 3 Small Is Beautiful: Growth and Detection of Nanocrystals; 3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Nanocrystallogenesis; 3.2.1 Thermodynamics of Solubility and Nucleation; 3.2.2 Methods; 3.2.2.1 Adaptation of Existing Conditions; 3.2.2.2 Free Interface Diffusion; 3.2.2.3 Batch Nanocrystallization
3.2.2.4 Other Methods and Sample Delivery Considerations3.2.3 Stability and Storage; 3.3 Considerations and Characterization for SFX Optimization; 3.3.1 Characteristics: What Is Optimal?; 3.3.1.1 Data Analysis Considerations; 3.3.1.2 Practicality: Sample and Hardware; 3.3.1.3 Control of Homogeneity Through Post Growth Methods; 3.3.2 Characterization; 3.3.2.1 Optical Detection: Visualizing Your Crystals; 3.3.2.2 Light Scattering Techniques for Size Determination; 3.3.2.3 Transmission Electron Microscopy; 3.3.2.4 Powder Diffraction; 3.4 Recap; References
4 The Lipid Cubic Phase as a Medium for the Growth of Membrane Protein Microcrystals4.1 Introduction; 4.2 Procedure for the Preparation and Characterization of Microcrystals for LCP-SFX; 4.2.1 Membrane Protein Reconstitution in LCP (Modified from Ref. [28]); 4.2.2 Sample Consolidation and Titration With 7.9 MAG; 4.2.3 Microcrystal Characterization; 4.2.4 Adjusting Crystal Density; 4.2.5 Loading the Sample in an LCP Injector for LCP-SFX Data Collection; 4.3 Results; 4.4 Conclusion; References; 5 Sample Delivery Techniques for Serial Crystallography; 5.1 Overview; 5.1.1 Fluid Mechanics for Crystallographers