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Intro; Acknowledgements; Contents; Introduction; Overview; Overview/2: The Current Picture; Deontic Reasoning; Evaluative Reasoning; Reasons; Roadmap; Dependencies; Part I Deontic Modality: Intensional Logic, Semantics, and Beyond; 1 Intensional Logic and Semantics for Deontic Modals; 1.1 Introduction; 1.2 Kripke-Kratzer Logic and Semantics for Deontic Modals; 1.2.1 The Basics; 1.2.2 Standard Deontic Logic; 1.2.3 Kratzer's Approach; 1.2.4 Scott-Montague Semantics; 1.3 Problems and Paradoxes for Classical Semantics and SDL; 1.3.1 Problems and Paradoxes in the Logic Literature
1.3.2 Problems Highlighted in the Linguistic LiteratureReferences; Part II Hyperintensionality; 2 A Primer on Hyperintensionality; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Extensionality Versus Intensionality Versus Hyperintensionality; 2.2.1 Extensionality; 2.2.2 Intensionality; 2.2.3 Hyperintensionality; 2.3 Current Approaches to Hyperintensionality; 2.3.1 The Semantical Approach to Hyperintensionality; 2.3.2 The Logical Approach to Hyperintensionality; 2.3.3 The Metaphysical Approach to Hyperintensionality; 2.4 How Theories Fare and a Look Ahead; References; 3 Co-hyperintensionality
3.1 Co-hyperintensionality: The Problem3.2 Finessing Propositions; 3.2.1 Syntactic Structure; 3.2.2 ``Logical Form''; 3.3 Augmenting the Modal Space; 3.3.1 An Argument Against Unrestricted Worlds; 3.3.2 Restricted Worlds; 3.3.3 2D Semantics; 3.4 No General Hyperintensionality; 3.5 Primitivism and a General Formal Method for Co-hyperintensionality; References; Part III Normativity: Deontic Modals and Their Hyperintensional Logics; 4 Deontic Modals are Hyperintensional; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 First Argument: Reductio; 4.2.1 Reductio; 4.2.2 Corollaries; 4.2.3 Variations
4.3 Second Argument: Explanatory Power4.3.1 Formal Machinery; 4.3.2 One Rule To Rule (Out) Them All: Paradoxes and Puzzles; 4.3.3 No Explosion in Dilemmas; 4.4 Conclusion; 4.5 Appendix: Hyperintensional Deontic Logic (HDL); 4.5.1 Axioms; 4.5.2 Semantics; References; 5 Truthmaker Semantics for Deontic Modals; 5.1 Introduction: On the Very Idea of Truthmaker Semantics; 5.2 Fine's Truthmaker Semantics for Imperatives; 5.3 Problems and Extensions; 5.3.1 Two Problems for Fine's Account; 5.3.2 Finer Actions; 5.4 An Exact Truthmaker Semantics for Permission and Obligations; 5.4.1 Semantics
5.4.2 Axiomatization5.5 Open Problems and a Look Ahead; 5.5.1 Extension to FOL; 5.6 A Puzzle Reconsidered; 5.6.1 Towards a Scalar Hyperintensional Semantics; References; Part IV Normativity: Reasons, Their Logic and Scale; 6 Reasons: Logic and Hyperintensionality; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Three Arguments for the Hyperintensionality of Reasons; 6.2.1 First Argument: Reductio of Substitutivity; 6.2.2 Second Argument: Explanatory Power; 6.2.3 Third Argument: The Nature of Reasons; 6.3 Towards a Hyperintensional Logic for Reasons; 6.3.1 Explicit Deontic Logic; 6.3.2 Variables and Constants
1.3.2 Problems Highlighted in the Linguistic LiteratureReferences; Part II Hyperintensionality; 2 A Primer on Hyperintensionality; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 Extensionality Versus Intensionality Versus Hyperintensionality; 2.2.1 Extensionality; 2.2.2 Intensionality; 2.2.3 Hyperintensionality; 2.3 Current Approaches to Hyperintensionality; 2.3.1 The Semantical Approach to Hyperintensionality; 2.3.2 The Logical Approach to Hyperintensionality; 2.3.3 The Metaphysical Approach to Hyperintensionality; 2.4 How Theories Fare and a Look Ahead; References; 3 Co-hyperintensionality
3.1 Co-hyperintensionality: The Problem3.2 Finessing Propositions; 3.2.1 Syntactic Structure; 3.2.2 ``Logical Form''; 3.3 Augmenting the Modal Space; 3.3.1 An Argument Against Unrestricted Worlds; 3.3.2 Restricted Worlds; 3.3.3 2D Semantics; 3.4 No General Hyperintensionality; 3.5 Primitivism and a General Formal Method for Co-hyperintensionality; References; Part III Normativity: Deontic Modals and Their Hyperintensional Logics; 4 Deontic Modals are Hyperintensional; 4.1 Introduction; 4.2 First Argument: Reductio; 4.2.1 Reductio; 4.2.2 Corollaries; 4.2.3 Variations
4.3 Second Argument: Explanatory Power4.3.1 Formal Machinery; 4.3.2 One Rule To Rule (Out) Them All: Paradoxes and Puzzles; 4.3.3 No Explosion in Dilemmas; 4.4 Conclusion; 4.5 Appendix: Hyperintensional Deontic Logic (HDL); 4.5.1 Axioms; 4.5.2 Semantics; References; 5 Truthmaker Semantics for Deontic Modals; 5.1 Introduction: On the Very Idea of Truthmaker Semantics; 5.2 Fine's Truthmaker Semantics for Imperatives; 5.3 Problems and Extensions; 5.3.1 Two Problems for Fine's Account; 5.3.2 Finer Actions; 5.4 An Exact Truthmaker Semantics for Permission and Obligations; 5.4.1 Semantics
5.4.2 Axiomatization5.5 Open Problems and a Look Ahead; 5.5.1 Extension to FOL; 5.6 A Puzzle Reconsidered; 5.6.1 Towards a Scalar Hyperintensional Semantics; References; Part IV Normativity: Reasons, Their Logic and Scale; 6 Reasons: Logic and Hyperintensionality; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Three Arguments for the Hyperintensionality of Reasons; 6.2.1 First Argument: Reductio of Substitutivity; 6.2.2 Second Argument: Explanatory Power; 6.2.3 Third Argument: The Nature of Reasons; 6.3 Towards a Hyperintensional Logic for Reasons; 6.3.1 Explicit Deontic Logic; 6.3.2 Variables and Constants